美国精神病学会对心理障碍的定义及分类

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美国精神病学协会对于心理障碍的定义及分类2 D8 b% k; Z3 H8 t  n% Y0 _1 w

# @. n1 K# I6 C/ F/ EThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition-text revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) defines a mental disorder in the following manner:
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$ N) Y1 h1 t% t8 _  ?5 M“…each of the mental disorders is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioural or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom. In addition, this syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable or culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one. Whatever its original cause, it must currently be considered a manifestation of a behavioural, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual. Neither deviant behaviour (e.g., political, religious, or s-e-xual) nor conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual, as described above.” (American Psychiatric, 2000).
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! R3 F# ^2 p* f7 ^! }! LDSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Classes
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, P! _  g- f- r6 M8 DDisorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence
) H7 a+ B9 W& L) d/ CExamples: Mental Retardation, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders
$ e: A1 q; N! cExamples: Substance Intoxication Delirium, Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type, Substance-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder
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" t2 F  `2 g& IMental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition
0 g0 t! o: D1 T0 aExamples: Catatonic Disorder Due to (General Medical Condition), Personality Change Due to (General Medical Condition)1 F0 f3 X  B5 U% D3 ^) V4 C
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Substance-Related Disorders  K* s4 _4 o  u4 @8 G: v  {6 P
Examples: Alcohol-Related Disorders, Inhalant-Related Disorders, Nicotine-Related Disorders/ V; q. S* G  W. Y
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Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
! k6 j6 S" c  }* y# j6 XExample: Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, Delusional Disorder/ `8 k/ G& d2 u! a# }# n

$ w  w5 i+ d& J) ?/ R7 oMood Disorders
: A6 t; R7 z6 }$ ?& h, f, I7 V4 sExamples: Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorders
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; A1 x% Y3 R: f$ c! ^; OAnxiety Disorders
+ N' |6 N* C$ G2 k' t) i& rExamples: Social Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder! p/ B* l0 Q3 Z! m
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Somatoform Disorders
- k) j5 ]+ q7 I5 [3 y5 WExamples: Conversion Disorder, Pain Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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Facitious Disorders
; s5 J  t: Z+ n2 FExamples: Factitious Disorder with Predominantly Psychological Signs and Symptoms, Facitious Disorder with Predominantly Physical Signs and Symptoms& a/ h( f$ c* Q9 G2 r

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Dissociative Disorders) \) A% T% g8 q2 \
Examples: Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder* y+ j3 X: q" f" q* O! \3 _: a

0 e4 w0 r( @# X* J* `s-e-xual and Gender Identity Disorders0 M# d: [4 X$ `* B4 F$ y
Examples:s-e-xual Dysfunctions, Paraphilias, Gender Identity Disorders6 D1 R+ E5 w4 m+ e) h$ K1 O' u
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Eating Disorders2 Z& ~8 U% p0 `
Examples: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa
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Sleep Disorders
: g, f7 I, N: `' O% b  kExamples: Primary Sleep Disorders, Sleep Disorders Related to Another Mental Disorder, Other Sleep Disorders
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Impulse-Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified
8 U- V; r5 E% ?Examples: Kleptomania, Pyromania, Pathological Gambling
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$ b6 K; W0 H" yAdjustment Disorders8 L; _! v" C7 h2 @1 b
Examples: Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood, Adjustment Disorder with Disturbance of Conduct5 g4 X2 C) D- @0 v, R: ^+ U

& B% T5 X6 ]. t' H8 lPersonality Disorders
& ?/ s. B& b- ^9 u& K+ t5 [% `Examples: Paranoid Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Avoidant Personality Disorder # a8 @1 ~& [( C! h7 R9 H

: \+ x5 p; v) Y/ C% jOther Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention
+ ]( B9 v/ [) @+ B$ t+ ^% J8 ?1 mExamples: Medication-Induced Movement Disorders, Relational Problems, Problem Related to Abuse or Neglect

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