01. Feeling "Holier Than Thou": Are Self-Serving Assessments Produced by Errors in Self- or Social Prediction?
# m2 t! R/ D1 l; V02. Temporal Construal and Time-Dependent Changes in Preference
# f, a' P0 c1 d& t9 u  M3 {2 m- ~03. Cultural Psychology of Surprise: Holistic Theories and Recognition of Contradiction2 m+ k' a" U& K4 K
04. On the Self-Protective Nature of Inconsistency-Negativity Management: Using the Person Memory Paradigm to Examine Self-Referent Memory% B' ~* c$ u4 M
05. Derogation and Distancing as Terror Management Strategies: The Moderating Role of Need for Closure and Permeability of Group Boundaries
, S  L- ]  C0 M+ a06. Ideals, Perceptions, and Evaluations in Early Relationship Development
# B# ~" v% e7 W! v4 C8 L+ {07. Listeners as Co-Narrators. T3 Z! ]6 C  `' ^1 N2 R' ^
08. Invisible Support and Adjustment to Stress: a6 i2 B: F8 |. E  X
09. Pragmatic Use of Stereotyping in Teamwork: Social Loafing and Compensation as a Function of Inferred Partner-Situation Fit6 H7 S! z8 L+ @! U- E
10. Unfixing the Fixed Pie: A Motivated Information-Processing Approach to Integrative Negotiation$ Z2 ~; ]$ j& m
11. The Functions of Aggression by Male Teenagers
( R: [8 \( [! g12. When Choice is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing?
* n# u* ~- m) v& B" x. i) r: a13. The Age of Anxiety? Birth Cohort Change in Anxiety and Neuroticism, 1952-1993
; R5 {  |& n' a14. Distinctness of Others, Mutability of Selves: Their Impact on Self-Evaluations
+ h0 O( ^+ D( @2 t15. Direct and Moderating Effects of Community Context on the Psychological Weil-Being of African American Women

01. Feeling "Holier Than Thou": Are Self-Serving Assessments Produced by Errors in Self- or Social Prediction?
8 W: I) l9 i7 c+ K! L8 pNicholas Epley and David Dunning
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People typically believe they are more likely to engage in selfless, kind, and generous behaviors than their peers, a result that is both logically and statistically suspect. However, this oft-documented tendency presents an important ambiguity. Do people feel "holier than thou" because they harbor overly cynical views of their peers (but accurate impressions of themselves) or overly charitable views of themselves (and accurate impressions of their peers)? Four studies suggested it was the latter. Participants consistently overestimated the likelihood that they would act in generous or selfless ways, whereas their predictions of others were considerably more accurate. Two final studies suggest this divergence in accuracy arises, in part, because people are unwilling to consult population base rates when predicting their own behavior but use this diagnostic information more readily when predicting others'.

02. Temporal Construal and Time-Dependent Changes in Preference
; N% {2 m9 V7 a8 a% M5 f! MYaacov Trope, Nira Liberman
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Five studies tested the predictions of temporal construal theory and time-discounting theories regarding evaluation of near future and distant future options (outcomes, activities, products). The options had abstract or goal-relevant features (called high-level construal features) as well as more concrete or goal-irrelevant features (called low-level construal features). The studies varied the valence (positive vs. negative) and the type of valence (affective vs. cognitive) of the low-level and high-level construal features. The results show that the weight of high-level construal features, compared with the weight of low-level construal features, is greater in determining distant future preferences than near future preferences. The implications of the results for extant theories of time-dependent changes in preference are discussed.

03. Cultural Psychology of Surprise: Holistic Theories and Recognition of Contradiction' \% h; \3 \1 G+ B" F1 I) s5 J7 ^
Incheol Choi, Richard E. Nisbett
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3 _' |$ D/ @) c- e6 _The authors tested the hypothesis that East Asians, because of their holistic reasoning, take contradiction and inconsistency for granted and consequently are less likely than Americans to experience surprise. Studies 1 and 2 showed that Korean participants displayed less surprise and greater hindsight bias than American participants did when a target's behavior contradicted their expectations. Studies 3 and 4 rurther demonstrated that even when contradiction was created in highly explicit ways, Korean participants experienced little surprise, whereas American participants reported substantial surprise. We discuss the implications of these findings for various issues, including the psychology of conviction, cognitive dissonance, and the development of science.

05. Derogation and Distancing as Terror Management Strategies: The Moderating Role of Need for Closure and Permeability of Group Boundaries. @$ K; }+ o4 n$ U5 N7 ?0 |
Mark Dechesne, Jacques Janssen, and Ad van Knippenberg
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Previous research has revealed that when individuals are confronted with criticism of a personally relevant group, mortality salience can lead to either derogation of the source of criticism or distancing from the group. In this article, the authors investigated closure as a potential moderator of these reactions. In Study 1, mortality salience led to greater derogation of a critic of a relevant group among high-needfor- closure participants but led to distancing from the group among low need-for-closure participants. Study 2 showed that when a relevant group was criticized, mortality salience led to greater derogation among participants who were led to believe that the boundaries of that group were impermeable but led to greater distancing among participants who were made aware of the permeable nature of the group boundaries. These findings demonstrate that closure of group membership moderates reactions to criticism of a personally relevant group after mortality salience.

04. On the Self-Protective Nature of Inconsistency-Negativity Management: Using the Person Memory Paradigm to Examine Self-Referent Memory
- |2 h, E6 v' f1 [) @8 V7 A9 R/ ]Constantine Sedikides, Jeffrey D. Green) @( ?% i3 [# D" X5 ^$ p6 S1 I$ x

' V2 M- j2 f& u- f" SHow do individuals remember feedback that is inconsistent or negative? According to the inconsistencynegativity resolution model, individuals are motivated to reduce uncertainty and resolve inconsistency even when threat to self is potential. They more deeply process and better remember negative self- than other-referent information. According to the inconsistency-negativity neglect model, individuals are motivated to protect the self against threat. They engage in more shallow processing and remember less negative self- than other-referent information. Participants read and recalled either self- or other-referent mixed-valence information. The neglect model was supported in personality and minimal feedback settings. A chronometric exploration of processing mechanisms and the ruling out of a retrieval interference account clarified aspects of the model. Individuals are hypersensitive to threat potential: They will protect the self against even hypothetical threat.

06. Ideals, Perceptions, and Evaluations in Early Relationship Development" S9 E! Q( M, h
Garth J. O. Fletcher, Jeffry A. Simpson, Geoff Thomas
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: V4 Y( d8 I8 IThis research examined partner and relationship perceptions and ideal standards in 100 individuals over time, from the 1st to the 12th month of their dating relationships. As expected, the results revealed that (a) individuals evaluated their relationships on both distinct evaluative components and global evaluative dimensions, (b) higher ideal-perception consistency was associated with higher perceived quality of relationships and partners, (c) more positive perceptions of partners and relationships at earlier points in time were associated with more importance being placed on relevant ideals over time but not vice versa, and (d) higher levels of ideal-perception consistency predicted lower rates of relationship dissolution but were mediated through perceptions of relationship quality. These results support the ideal standards model (Fletcher & Simpson, in press).

08. Invisible Support and Adjustment to Stress
" D5 z: }( {) o" aNiall Bolger, Adam Zuckerman, Ronald C. Kessler5 F, j' w$ @; y5 l( [

8 X" T) \. V! W) XAlthough there is abundant evidence that perceived availability of support buffers the effects of stressors on mental health, the relatively meager research on support transactions has failed to show an association between actual receipt of support and adjustment to stressors. The authors examined a possible explanation for this inconsistency, that awareness of receiving support entails an emotional cost and that the most effective support is unnoticed by the recipient. Using data from a daily diary study of support provision and receipt in couples, the authors show that many transactions reported by supporters are not reported by recipients. They also show that these invisible support transactions promote adjustment to a major stressor.

07. Listeners as Co-Narrators. e  F' u$ s" B1 M. N$ O
Janet B. Bavelas, Linda Coates, and Trudy Johnson9 S+ H0 M, X1 q

6 H7 n& T  k6 s1 WA collaborative theory of narrative story-telling was tested in two experiments that examined what listeners do and their effect on the narrator. In 63 unacquainted dyads (81 women and 45 men), a narrator told his or her own close-call story. The listeners made 2 different kinds of listener responses: Generic responses included nodding and vocalizations such as "mhm." Specific responses, such as wincing or exclaiming, were tightly connected to (and served to illustrate) what the narrator was saying at the moment. In experimental conditions that distracted listeners from the narrative content, listeners made fewer responses, especially specific ones, and the narrators also told their stories significantly less well, particularly at what should have been the dramatic ending. Thus, listeners were co-narrators both through their own specific responses, which helped illustrate the story, and in their apparent effect on the narrator's performance. The results demonstrate the importance of moment-by-moment collaboration in face-to-face dialogue.

09. Pragmatic Use of Stereotyping in Teamwork: Social Loafing and Compensation as a Function of Inferred Partner-Situation Fit5 e# ]( Y4 ]- q# {( |
Jason E. Plaks and E. Tory Higgins1 j- q. ]4 `' l6 l! J
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Using 4 experiments, the authors examined how stereotypic information about teammates influences social loafing and compensation during collective tasks. In each experiment, participants performed better on cognitive tasks when there was a poor (vs. good) fit between the stereotypic strengths of their partner and the requirements of the task. This pattern occurred whether participants used gender stereotypes (Experiment 1) or occupational stereotypes (Experiments 2 to 4) and occurred even when participants only anticipated working on a collective task (Experiment 4). In Experiment 3, the pattern occurred only in the collective (not in the coactive) condition, providing direct evidence for social loafing. Together, these results suggest that people use stereotypes to tune their motivation to optimize the ratio of their own individual effort to the team's expected output.