01. Mutability and Propensity in Causal Selection& f# T9 o4 I' M" t* Q( s  P$ b
02. The Illusion of External Agency4 O- F$ \$ J: T0 _# _
03. The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives
- ^- Y1 r+ ^# s( y7 u& z04. Cognitive Stimulation in Brainstorming) E2 B0 d0 r5 C- {) w! j* E
05. Putting the "Affirm" Into Affirmative Action: Preferential Selection and Academic Performance
. `' S2 b7 V+ R* E; C: Y( Y; ^06. Cyberostracism: Effects of Being Ignored Over the Internet7 w& O  Q; F6 ~! W/ d  h# d. i
07. Beyond Prejudice as sim-ple Antipathy: Hostile and Benevolent s-e-xism Across Cultures
5 K& a6 j! S: v8 {* R. U08. Regulating the Interpersonal Self: Strategic Self-Regulation for Coping With Rejection Sensitivity2 G% C1 P/ g2 L
09. To "Do the Right Thing" or to "Just Do It": Locomotion and Assessment as Distinct Self-Regulatory Imperatives
, n/ J1 n; H/ J( x9 |; G10. Adult Attachment and the Defensive Regulation of Attention and Memory: Examining the Role of Preemptive and Postemptive Defensive Processes
: V- |/ M( B  G11. The Mitigation of Interpersonal Behavior
8 j2 M  L+ [% u) I12. The Looming Maladaptive Style: Anxiety, Danger, and Schematic Processing

01. Mutability and Propensity in Causal Selection
% z  P* I/ Q* {# ZAnn L. McGill, Ann E. Tenbrunsel
- n- d% U6 h1 o3 j) d1 F7 P; P4 C+ b# k2 V9 ~% q2 B
We examined differences in causal ratings of 1 factor depending on the mutability (defined as the ease with which a factor can be imagined to be different) and causal propensity (defined as the likelihood that the event would occur in the presence of a factor) of another factor that conjoined to produce the event. In 3 studies, causal ratings of the target factor depended on the interaction of mutability and propensity of the other factor. When the other factor was high in mutability, ratings of the target decreased as the propensity of the contributing factor increased, but when the other was low in mutability, ratings of the target increased as the propensity of the contributing factor increased. Mediation analysis indicated that mutability and propensity affected causal ratings by determining the comparison against which the event was considered. Comparison judgments also mediated beliefs about which factor should have adjusted to the other.

02. The Illusion of External Agency
1 C" n& m) T& q! GDaniel T, Gilbert, Ryan P. Brown, Elizabeth C. Pinel, Timothy D. Wilson* }% P/ U7 B2 K  H9 }

& i' a6 n2 R) }1 s: c6 l2 CPeople typically underestimate their capacity to generate satisfaction with future outcomes. When people experience such self-generated satisfaction, they may mistakenly conclude that it was caused by an influential, insightful, and benevolent external agent. In three laboratory experiments, participants who were allowed to generate satisfaction with their outcomes were especially likely to conclude that an external agent had sublimmally influenced their choice of partners (Study 1), had insight into their musical preferences (Study 2), and had benevolent intentions when giving them a stuffed animal (Study 3}. These results suggest that belief in omniscient, omnipotent, and benevolent external agents, such as God, may derive in part from people's failure to recognize thai they have generated their own satisfaction.

03. The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives) Q" t3 V# N$ w% ]  ]
Melanie C. Green and Timothy C. Brock5 [! E2 G; L& t" p0 w
+ b9 C; i$ v/ j
Transportation was proposed as a mechanism whereby narratives can affect beliefs. Defined as absorption into a story, transportation entails imagery, affect, and attentional focus. A transportation scale was developed and validated. Experiment 1 (N = 97) demonstrated that extent of transportation augmented story-consistent beliefs and favorable evaluations of protagonists. Experiment 2 (N = 69) showed that highly transported readers found fewer false notes in a story than less-transported readers. Experiments 3 (N = 274) and 4 (A/ = 258) again replicated the effects of transportation on beliefs and evaluations; in the latter study, transportation was directly manipulated by using processing instructions. Reduced transportation led to reduced story-consistent beliefs and evaluations. The studies also showed that transportation and corresponding beliefs were generally unaffected by labeling a story as fact or as fiction.

05. Putting the "Affirm" Into Affirmative Action: Preferential Selection and Academic Performance2 L1 o7 h# L$ B& K' m  ?
Ryan P. Brown, Tonyamas Charnsangavej, Kelli A. Keough, Matthew L. Newman, and Peter J. Rentfrow
% n9 u5 D! J, ?: B" V* N: ^  g7 n# S7 I
Two studies explored the relation between academic performance and preferential selection. In Study 1, female participants were led to believe that they had been selected to be leaders in a team problemsolving task because of their gender, because of their gender and ability, or at random. Results showed that women who believed they had been selected because of their gender performed significantly worse on a subsequent problem-solving test than women who believed they had been selected at random and women who believed they were selected because of both their gender and their ability. In Study 2, students' suspicion of having benefited from race-based preferences in college admissions was negatively related to their grade point average (GPA). Furthermore, this suspicion partially mediated the GPA gap between academically stigmatized (Black and Latino) and nonstigmatized (Caucasian and Asian) students.

04. Cognitive Stimulation in Brainstorming
3 D  f5 q. ?0 v! S4 WKaren Leggett Dugosh, Paul B. Paulus, Evelyn J. Roland, and Huei-Chuan Yang$ l+ ^# R/ x& ~" V
* q! \: V0 T; ^& M
Research on group brainstorming has demonstrated that it is less effective for generating large numbers of ideas than individual brainstorming, yet various scholars have presumed that group idea sharing should enhance cognitive stimulation and idea production. Three experiments examined the potential of cognitive stimulation in brainstorming. Experiments 1 and 2 used a paradigm in which individuals were exposed to ideas on audiotape as they were brainstorming, and Experiment 3 used the electronic brainstorming paradigm. Evidence was obtained for enhanced idea generation both during and after idea exposure. The attentional set of the participant and the content of the exposure manipulation (number of ideas, presence of irrelevant information) influenced this effect. These results are consistent with a cognitive perspective on group brainstorming.

06. Cyberostracism: Effects of Being Ignored Over the Internet
% A- U4 I4 K" c& IKipling D. Williams, Christopher K. T. Cheung, and Wilma Choi- U5 J" P/ e, w, p& C

( P' H. F/ j, ~# k+ C2 S% Y' cOstracism is such a widely used and powerful tactic that the authors tested whether people would be affected by it even under remote and artificial circumstances. In Study 1, 1,486 participants from 62 countries accessed the authors' on-line experiment on the Internet. They were asked to use mental visualization while playing a virtual tossing game with two others (who were actually computer generated and controlled). Despite the minimal nature of their experience, the more participants were ostracized, the more they reported feeling bad, having less control, and losing a sense of belonging. In Study 2, ostracized participants were more likely to conform on a subsequent task. The results are discussed in terms of supporting K. D. Williams's (1997) need threat theory of ostracism.

07. Beyond Prejudice as sim-ple Antipathy: Hostile and Benevolent s-e-xism Across Cultures
) M' h5 i% m6 U1 T, @6 u0 UPeter Glick, Susan T. Fiske, Antonio Mladinic, Jose L. Saiz, Dominic Abrams, Barbara Masser, Bolanle Adetoun, Johnstone E. Osagie, Adebowale Akande, Amos Alao, Annetje Brunner, Tineke M. Willemsen, Kettie Chipeta, Benoit Dardenne, Ap Dijksterhuis, Daniel Wigboldus, Thomas Eckes, Iris Six-Materna, Francisca Exp6sito, Miguel Moya, Margaret Foddy, Hyun-Jeong Kim, Maria Lameiras, Maria Jose Sotelo, Angelica Mucchi-Faina, Myrna Romani, Nuray Sakalh, Bola Udegbe, Mariko Yamamoto, Miyoko Ui, Maria Cristina Ferreira, and Wilson Lopez Lopez) }/ f1 ?5 o* U$ q0 L2 S5 d/ i6 u
  f$ I: f. R6 m# |9 V0 ^6 d, N
The authors argue that complementary hostile and benevolent components of s-e-xism exist across cultures. Male dominance creates hostile s-e-xism (HS), but men's dependence on women fosters benevolent s-e-xism (BS)—subjectively positive attitudes that put women on a pedestal but reinforce their subordination. Research with 15,000 men and women in 19 nations showed that (a) HS and BS are coherent constructs that correlate positively across nations, but (b) HS predicts the ascription of negative and BS the ascription of positive traits to women, (c) relative to men, women are more likely to reject HS than BS, especially when overall levels of s-e-xism in a culture are high, and (d) national averages on BS and HS predict gender inequality across nations. These results challenge prevailing notions of prejudice as an antipathy in that BS (an affectionate, patronizing ideology) reflects inequality and is a cross-culturally pervasive complement to HS.

08. Regulating the Interpersonal Self: Strategic Self-Regulation for Coping With Rejection Sensitivity7 N1 C6 k# c5 B& q
Ozlem Ayduk, Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton, Walter Mischel, Geraldine Downey, Philip K. Peake, Monica Rodriguez
/ @+ q0 V' u7 O2 G8 N" g2 D* j$ D
0 v1 l0 p% K1 |' GPeople high in rejection sensitivity (RS) anxiously expect rejection and are at risk for interpersonal and personal distress. Two studies examined the role of self-regulation through strategic attention deployment in moderating the link between RS and maladaptive outcomes. Self-regulation was assessed by the delay of gratification (DG) paradigm in childhood. In Study 1, preschoolers from the Stanford University community who participated in the DG paradigm were assessed 20 years later. Study 2 assessed low-income, minority middle school children on comparable measures. DG ability buffered high-RS people from interpersonal difficulties (aggression, peer rejection) and diminished well-being (e.g., low self-worth, higher drug use). The protective effect of DG ability on high-RS children's self-worth is explained by reduced interpersonal problems. Attentional mechanisms underlying the interaction between RS and strategic self-regulation are discussed.

10. Adult Attachment and the Defensive Regulation of Attention and Memory: Examining the Role of Preemptive and Postemptive Defensive Processes# e2 q/ ]7 Q. X2 g5 s9 T7 ^% ?$ ~, P
R. Chris Fraley, Joseph P. Gamer, and Phillip R. Shaver
; n2 j% J1 R$ l6 ]9 J1 g2 v2 Y* ?! @! B: V
Previous research has found that avoidant adults have more difficulty recalling emotional experiences than do less avoidant adults. It is unclear, however, whether such findings reflect differences in the degree to which avoidant adults (a) attend to and encode emotional information, (b) elaborate emotional information they have encoded, or (c) do both. Two studies were conducted to distinguish between the effects of these processes. Participants listened to an interview about attachment-related issues and were asked to recall details from the interview either immediately or at variable delays. An analysis of forgetting curves revealed that avoidant adults initially encoded less information about the interview than did nonavoidant adults, although avoidant and nonavoidant adults forgot the information they did encode at the same rate. The implications of these findings for current views on the nature and efficacy of defenses are discussed.