01. Conceptual Structure and Social Functions of Behavior Explanations: Beyond Person-Situation Attributions
/ [2 ], x2 N+ i: w; H* G2 J02. The Impact of Motivation on Temporal Comparisons: Coping With Traumatic Events by Perceiving Personal Growth
! e* I' Z/ J4 T+ H+ W1 ]) W03. Processing Alternative Explanations of Behavior: Correction or Integration?
3 W0 J/ ]8 f2 |" k2 p! Z( u04. Toward Understanding Why Fairness Matters: The Influence of Mortality Salience on Reactions to Procedural Fairness
' [6 `4 ?9 x8 W* ^3 z05. Within-Person Variation in Security of Attachment: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Attachment, Need Fulfillment, and Well-Being( @& X+ ~5 k- p. A9 A, L" w
06. From Majority to Minority and Vice Versa: The Asymmetrical Effects of Losing and Gaining Majority Position Within a Group
  {+ U! x+ C3 p, G6 ?+ E9 D( D# w7 d07. Shifting Social Identities as a Strategy for Deflecting Threatening Social Comparisons( Q/ j' p. \2 c/ O$ T3 t/ A
08. Emotion Regulation and Memory: The Cognitive Costs of Keeping One's Cool
4 L$ T( ^5 O" P4 S: q( y09. Personality Coherence: Moderating Self-Other Profile Agreement and Profile Consensus
; a1 e6 f  M" b' ?) H8 r10. Depressive Personality Styles, Dysphoria, and Social Comparisons in Everyday Life
$ D  T6 o: e0 G- J2 O7 V11. Cross-Cultural Evidence for the Fundamental Features of Extraversion

01. Conceptual Structure and Social Functions of Behavior Explanations: Beyond Person-Situation Attributions
! {0 q7 p: G* W0 X/ HBertram F. Malle, Joshua Knobe, Matthew J. O'Laughlin, Gale E. Pearce, and Sarah E. Nelson
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The traditional approach to studying behavior explanations involves treating them as either person causes or situation Causes and assessing them by using rating scales. An analysis of people's free-response behavior explanations reveals, however, that the conceptual distinctions people use in their explanations are more complex and sophisticated than the person-situation dichotomy suggests. The authors, therefore, introduce a model of the conceptual structure of folk behavior explanations (the network of concepts and assumptions on which explanations are based) and test it in 4 studies. The modes and features of behavior explanations within this conceptual structure also have specific social functions. In 2 additional studies, the authors demonstrate that people alter distinct features of their explanations when pursuing particular impression-management goals and that listeners make inferences about explainers' goals on the basis of these features.

03. Processing Alternative Explanations of Behavior: Correction or Integration?
; ^+ z- y. y! \$ A! q9 s/ V9 cYaacov Trope, Ruth Gaunt( o$ z  F! J/ [4 U9 U0 d! N
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Three experiments investigated how activation of knowledge about situational forces affects discounting in dispositional inference tasks. Each experiment varied a different knowledge activation factor— salience, accessibility, or specificity of situational information. In addition, all 3 experiments varied situational demands and cognitive load. The results showed that cognitive load eliminated discounting when situational information was low in salience, accessibility, or specificity. However, when situational information was more salient, accessible, or specific, it produced strong discounting effects even when perceivers were under cognitive load. These results are discussed in terms of correction and integration models of dispositional inferences from behavior.

02. The Impact of Motivation on Temporal Comparisons: Coping With Traumatic Events by Perceiving Personal Growth3 c& a2 j( `2 A; m, l- i) T4 c+ |; i
Cathy McFarland and Celeste Alvaro+ V1 x4 [/ j6 M- L4 E

2 L$ D6 {& G% ^2 r' s& {Four studies were conducted to investigate the impact of self-enhancement motivation on the temporal comparisons of victims of stressful life events. Study 1 revealed that (a) victims were more likely than acquaintances of victims to report greater improvement in their personal attributes after traumatic life events than after mild negative life events and (b) victims perceived improvement by derogating their pre-event attributes. In Studies 2 and 3, an experimental approach was used to study the impact of threatening experiences on perceptions of personal growth, and similar findings were obtained. Study 4 confirmed that threatening self-relevant feelings play a causal role in prompting self-enhancing temporal comparisons. Taken together, the findings of these studies support the view that perceptions of personal improvement reflect, at least in part, motivated illusions that are designed to help people cope with threatening life experiences.

04. Toward Understanding Why Fairness Matters: The Influence of Mortality Salience on Reactions to Procedural Fairness
+ e; Y3 [1 e) c; i6 `Kees van den Bos and Joost Miedema  L7 d, P* ?5 [  I+ O

4 j8 z+ T5 o/ Z! u1 `* x) H% zThis article focuses on the question of why fairness matters to people. On the basis of fairness heuristic theory, the authors argue that people especially need fairness when they are uncertain about things that are important to them. Following terror management theory, the authors focus on a basic kind of human uncertainty: feat of death. Integrating these two theoretical frameworks, it is proposed that thinking about their mortality should make fairness a more important issue to people. The findings of three experiments support the authors' line of reasoning: Asking participants to think about their mortality led to stronger fair process effects (positive effects of perceived procedural fairness on subsequent reactions) than not asking them to think about mortality. It is argued that these findings suggest that fairness especially matters to people when they are uncertain about fundamental aspects of human life such as human mortality.

05. Within-Person Variation in Security of Attachment: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Attachment, Need Fulfillment, and Well-Being! s% I0 M$ H1 M
Jennifer G. La Guardia, Richard M. Ryan, Charles E. Couchman, and Edward L. Deci
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- Q7 c% j& @! [& l, H0 b+ @$ OAttachment research has traditionally focused on individual differences in global patterns of attachment to important others. The current research instead focuses primarily on within-person variability in attachments across relational partners. It was predicted that within-person variability would be substantial, even among primary attachment figures of mother, father, romantic partner, and best friend. The prediction was supported in three studies. Furthermore, in line with self-determination theory, multilevel modeling and regression analyses showed that, at the relationship level, individuals' experience of fulfillment of the basic needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness positively predicted overall attachment security, model of self, and model of other. Relations of both attachment and need satisfaction to well-being were also explored.

06. From Majority to Minority and Vice Versa: The Asymmetrical Effects of Losing and Gaining Majority Position Within a Group: ]0 V" f7 Y; P( G
Radmila Prislin, Wendy M. Limbert, and Evamarie Bauer. V, {2 r, h2 v: L
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Two studies examined the effects of stable, partially changed, and completely changed majority and minority positions within a group on perception and evaluation of the group. It was hypothesized that loss of majority position (majority-to-minority change) would have stronger effects than gain of majority position (minority-to-majority change). The hypothesized asymmetrical effect was demonstrated in that loss of majority position decreased perception of group-self similarity, group attraction, and expectations for positive interactions with the group, whereas a corresponding gain of position did not increase them. Thus immediately following changes, the group is especially fragile because disintegrative forces created by the loss of majority position are stronger than integrative forces created by die gain of majority position.

07. Shifting Social Identities as a Strategy for Deflecting Threatening Social Comparisons( g8 s# k) k9 R; x0 g" w7 s
Thomas Mussweiler, Shira Gabriel, and Galen V. Bodenhausen
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+ P0 m. x4 u  c$ V. Q& @, J! U7 KResults of three studies suggest that the multifaceted nature of identity provides a strategic basis for reducing the threat involved in upward social comparisons. After performing worse than a comparison standard, people may strategically emphasize aspects of their identity that differentiate them from the standard, thereby mak-ing the standard less relevant for self-evaluation. On the basis of previous research showing that persons low in self-esteem are less likely to make effective use of self-protection strategies, we hypothesized that this strategy of deflecting the threat involved in upward comparison (i.e., decreasing perceived comparability by emphasizing an unshared social identity) would be used primarily by persons who are characteristically high in self-esteem. This pattern was confirmed in three studies. Moreover, use of the strategy was associated with relatively more positive affect following threatening upward comparisons.

09. Personality Coherence: Moderating Self-Other Profile Agreement and Profile Consensus
: |1 ~0 `* z0 B7 GJeremy C. Biesanz and Stephen G. West
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% E# _- n3 F6 H( E" r& z- RTraditional research on moderator variables in personality has focused on measures of relative consistency. In contrast, using Goldberg's (1992) adjectives representing the Big Five personality traits, the authors examined the applicability of moderator variables to measures of personality coherence. The authors considered 3 traditional moderator variables (interitem variability, construct similarity, and scalability) and one new moderator variable: the temporal stability of response patterns. Across 2 studies, individuals with temporally stable response patterns had higher levels of personality coherence, as measured by self-other profile agreement and informant profile consensus, than did individuals with less temporally stable patterns. By comparison, the normatively based moderator variables did not moderate self-other profile agreement and informant profile consensus. The implications for personality structure and coherence are discussed.

08. Emotion Regulation and Memory: The Cognitive Costs of Keeping One's Cool
/ a  e- T) N. G) z& _3 a- WJane M. Richards and James J. Gross
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An emerging literature has begun to document the affective consequences of emotion regulation. Little is known, however, about whether emotion regulation also has cognitive consequences. A process model of emotion suggests that expressive suppression should reduce memory for emotional events but that reappraisal should not. Three studies tested this hypothesis. Study 1 experimentally manipulated expressive suppression during film viewing, showing that suppression led to poorer memory for the details of the film. Study 2 manipulated expressive suppression and reappraisal during slide viewing. Only suppression led to pooler slide memory. Study 3 examined individual differences in typical expressive suppression and reappraisal and found that suppression was associated with poorer selfreported and objective memory but that reappraisal was not. Together, these studies suggest that the cognitive costs of keeping one's cool may vary according to how this is done.