10. Depressive Personality Styles, Dysphoria, and Social Comparisons in Everyday Life7 O7 w& i( s# B  |; P6 F
Caterina Giordano, Joanne V. Wood, and John L. Michela; n0 C; h- X' ?. N
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"Sociotropic" people are supposedly vulnerable to dysphoria after negative interpersonal events, whereas "autonomous" people are supposedly vulnerable to achievement-related failures. The present study examined whether these personality styles are borne out in social comparison processes. For 3 weeks, 27 sociotropic and 35 autonomous undergraduates completed records of their social comparisons. Depressive personality style moderated comparison frequency and the affective consequences of comparisons, especially for dysphoric individuals: Dysphoric respondents were especially likely to make comparisons in domains that were congruent with their personalities, and comparisons in congruent domains were associated with greater mood change than comparisons in other domains, perhaps especially for dysphoric respondents. These results have implications for the literatures on social comparison and on depressive personality styles.

11. Cross-Cultural Evidence for the Fundamental Features of Extraversion+ |/ t* m9 p5 j. \, h+ _
Richard E. Lucas and Ed Diener, Alexander Grob, Eunkook M. Suh and Liang Shao9 R5 A+ f8 ^( f& S7 [* ?

! J, l* I! c+ J* p3 a  yPsychologists have not determined the defining characteristics of extroversion. In four studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that extraversion facets are linked by reward sensitivity. According to this hypothesis, only facets that reflect reward sensitivity should load on a higher order extraversion factor. This model was tested against a model in which sociability links fee facets. I DS authors also tested the generalizability of the model in a diverse sample of participants from 39 nations, and they tested the model using widely used extraversion scales. Results of all studies indicate that only facets tfiat reflect reward sensitivity load on a higher order extraversion factor and that this factor correlates strongly with pleasant affect. Although sociability is undoubtedly an important part of extraversion, these results suggest that extraverts' sociability may be a by-product of reward sensitivity, rather than the core feature of the trait.