01. Do Innocent Victims Threaten the Belief in a Just World? Evidence From a Modified Stroop Task
! f! N: R8 B9 r  t  y* b! ?02. Cultural Styles, Relational Schemas, and Prejudice Against Out-Groups* i8 e$ S  Q) D, n5 s' f
03. Expression After Suppression: A Motivational Explanation of Postsuppressional Rebound) h: _! K* D* _  j+ H
04. Cross-Cultural Differences in Tolerance for Crowding: Fact or Fiction?4 B9 A; G: T* F7 |
05. 'Mood Contagion": The Automatic Transfer of Mood Between Persons: T- l) b/ v) t8 o% p- Y
06. Competence in Early Adult Romantic Relationships: A Developmental Perspective on Family Influences% e0 e6 x8 B# P9 B
07. Should We Create a Niche or Fall in Line? Identity Negotiation and Small Group Effectiveness% Y$ X- J0 \( [2 P
08. Two Personalities, One Relationship: Both Partners' Personality Traits Shape the Quality of Their Relationship
$ y3 K, E2 t& p& j09. Exploring Individual Differences in Reactions to Mortality Salience: Does Attachment Style Regulate Terror Management Mechanisms?2 Y7 l0 E+ Q& M! N
10. Mothers' Personality and Its Interaction With Child Temperament as Predictors of Parenting Behavior
2 K7 ^2 H1 y! E* r" Y11. Reexamining the Circumplex Model of Affect

01. Do Innocent Victims Threaten the Belief in a Just World? Evidence From a Modified Stroop Task, ^# p; M  m% |  X: w' i* C4 z
Carolyn L. Hafer
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2 M  a1 Z, O! ^6 N8 _$ M# wTwo experiments tested whether innocent victims threaten observers' belief in a just world. In both experiments, participants viewed an innocent victim then performed a modified Stroop task in which they identified the color of several words presented for brief exposures (followed by a mask) on a computer screen. When the threat to justice beliefs was presumably highest, color-identification latencies were greater for justice-related words than for neutral words. In Experiment 2, under conditions of high threat, justice-related interference predicted participants' tendency to disassociate themselves from and derogate the victim. These findings suggest that innocent victims do threaten justice beliefs and responses to these victims may, at times, be attempts to reduce this threat. The methodology presented here may be applied to future investigations of defensive, counternormative processes reflecting people's concern with justice.

02. Cultural Styles, Relational Schemas, and Prejudice Against Out-Groups7 w% H1 r( K) H
Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks, Richard E. Nisbett and Oscar Ybarra! z8 D) P/ M% H* a' T
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Two studies provide evidence that Latins (i.e., Mexicans and Mexican Americans) are guided by a concern with socioemotional aspects of workplace relations to a far greater degree than are Anglo- Americans. The focus on socioemotional considerations results in Latins having a relatively greater preference for workgroups having a strong interpersonal orientation. Preferred relational style had a far greater impact on preferences for workgroups and judgments about their likely success than did the ethnic composition of the workgroups for both Latins and Anglo-Americans. Evidence that the two groups differ markedly in relational schemas comes from examination of suggestions about how group performance could be improved, judgments about whether a focus on socioemotional concerns necessarily entails a reduction in task focus, and recall for socioemotional aspects of workgroup interactions. Implications for the dynamics of intercultural contact are discussed.

03. Expression After Suppression: A Motivational Explanation of Postsuppressional Rebound, ?$ S+ ^; H% K6 b7 W. J' ]+ E
Nira Liberman and Jens Forster; O+ ?2 ~+ R" g. q: ^5 [  ~% R$ A

3 A* b2 p' @/ d: lFive studies examined the effect of expressing a construct after suppressing it on subsequent accessibility. Suppression of color terms (Studies 1, 2, and 5) and of stereotypes (Studies 3 and 4) were examined. Both expression alone and suppression alone enhanced the construct's accessibility relative to the nosuppression/ no-expression condition, demonstrating activation by recent construct use and postsuppressional rebound, respectively. However, introducing expression after suppression reduced accessibility relative to both the suppression alone and the expression alone conditions. These results are explained within a motivational theory of rebound, according to which suppressing a construct induces a need to use it, and subsequent expression satisfies this need, thereby instigating an inhibition of the accessibility of need-related constructs.

04. Cross-Cultural Differences in Tolerance for Crowding: Fact or Fiction?
: i5 ]6 L6 @& e. V/ {Gary W. Evans, Stephen J. Lepore, Karen Mata Allen
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4 Z! _  p5 f9 Q% h) t3 {! ^; t& I. QIt is widely believed that cultures vary in their tolerance for crowding. There is, however, little evidence to substantiate this belief, coupled with serious shortcomings in the extant literature. Tolerance for crowding has been confused with cultural differences in personal space preferences along with perceived crowding. Furthermore, the few studies that have examined cultural variability in reactions to crowding have compared subgroup correlations, which is not equivalent to a statistical interaction. Although the authors found a statistical interaction indicating that Asian Americans and Latin Americans differ in the way they perceive crowding in comparison to their fellow Anglo-American and African American citizens, all four ethnic groups suffer similar, negative psychological distress sequelae of high-density housing. These results hold independently of household income.

05. 'Mood Contagion": The Automatic Transfer of Mood Between Persons
- W' x8 [. I( ]1 y7 |Roland Neumann and Fritz Strack
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The current studies aimed to find out whether a nonintentional form of mood contagion exists and which mechanisms can account for it. In these experiments participants who expected to be tested for text comprehension listened to an affectively neutral speech that was spoken in a slightly sad or happy voice. The authors found that (a) the emotional expression induced a congruent mood state in the listeners, (b) inferential accounts to emotional sharing were not easily reconciled with the findings, (c) different affective experiences emerged from intentional and nonintentional forms of emotional sharing, and (d) findings suggest that a perception-behavior link (T. L. Chartrand & J. A. Bargh, 1999) can account for these findings, because participants who were required to repeat the philosophical speech spontaneously imitated the target person's vocal expression of emotion.

06. Competence in Early Adult Romantic Relationships: A Developmental Perspective on Family Influences
  ]/ s6 i8 i* s( j! _7 `- fRand D. Conger, Ming Cui, Chalandra M. Bryant, Glen H. Elder, Jr., L3 W; V& z; P7 o" S7 z
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The present prospective, longitudinal study of 193 young adults (85 men, 108 women, M = 20.7 years old) and their partners in ongoing romantic relationships in 1997 was initiated in 1-9-8-9, when the 193 target youths were in the 7th grade. On the basis of the model for the development of early adult romantic relationships (DEARR; C. Bryant & R. D. Conger, in press), the authors hypothesized that interactional processes in the family of origin would predict interpersonal skills by the target youths, which would be positively related to the early adult couple's relationship quality. Observational ratings showed that nurturant-involved parenting in the family of origin predicted behaviors by the target youth to a romantic partner that were warm, supportive, and low in hostility. These competent behaviors of the target youth were positively associated with relationship quality for the early adult couple and also mediated or explained the connection between parenting and relationship quality.

07. Should We Create a Niche or Fall in Line? Identity Negotiation and Small Group Effectiveness
( J, V0 x* n% l$ ^William B. Swann, Jr., Laurie P. Milton, Jeffrey T. Polzer- c0 S6 ?+ N' |9 G% R1 T& _
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A prospective study of 423 MBA students examined the interplay of identity negotiation and group functioning. The findings revealed that self-verification effects (through which group members brought others to see them as they saw themselves) heightened participants' feelings of connection to their groups (i.e., more identification and social integration and less emotional conflict) and improved group project grades on creative tasks (tasks that benefit from divergent perspectives). Appraisal effects (through which groups brought members to see themselves as the group saw them) facilitated group project grades on computational tasks (tasks that require deriving one correct answer). In addition, self-verification effects were more prevalent than appraisal effects. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the links among self-verification, self-categorization, and group outcomes.

08. Two Personalities, One Relationship: Both Partners' Personality Traits Shape the Quality of Their Relationship
5 V9 N: e8 c* O3 D9 E4 T: R+ k; hRichard W. Robins, Avshalom Caspi and Terrie E. Moffitt
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This research tested 6 models of the independent and interactive effects of stable personality traits on each partner's reports of relationship satisfaction and quality. Both members of 360 couples (N = 720) completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire and were interviewed about their relationship. Findings show that a woman's relationship happiness is predicted by her partner's low Negative Emotionality, high Positive Emotionality, and high Constraint, whereas a man's relationship happiness is predicted only by his partner's low Negative Emotionality. Findings also show evidence of additive but not interactive effects: Each partner's personality contributed independently to relationship outcomes but not in a synergistic way. These results are discussed in relation to models that seek to integrate research on individual differences in personality traits with research on interpersonal processes in intimate relationships.

09. Exploring Individual Differences in Reactions to Mortality Salience: Does Attachment Style Regulate Terror Management Mechanisms?" j0 `- U- ^9 l! Y( k
Mario Mikulincer and Victor Florian6 L. _. H! n& c* N, f! o) T
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Five studies examined the contribution of attachment style to mortality salience effects. In Study 1, mortality salience led to more severe judgments of transgressions only among anxious-ambivalent and avoidant persons but not among secure persons. In addition, whereas anxious—ambivalent persons showed immediate and delayed increases in severity judgments, avoidant persons showed this response only after a delay period. In Study 2, anxious-ambivalent persons showed immediate and delayed increases in death-thought accessibility after death reminders. Avoidant and secure persons showed this effect only after a delay period. Study 3 revealed that worldview defense in response to mortality salience reduced death-thought accessibility only among avoidant persons. Studies 4-5 revealed that mortality salience led to an increase in the sense of symbolic immortality as well as in the desire of intimacy only among secure persons, but not among avoidant and anxious-ambivalent persons.