01. The Cognitive Impact of Past Behavior: Influences on Beliefs, Attitudes, and Future Behavioral Decisions
: g( G9 b4 q# c3 U0 ~6 v1 x02. The "Relative Self": Informational and Judgmental Consequences of Comparative Self-Evaluation
( \. F* j  [1 P; J/ Z$ F% m$ c: I03. Approach and Avoidance: The Influence of Proprioceptive and Exteroceptive Cues on Encoding of Affective Information
, d; {4 z0 }3 q0 n" r04. Is Acculturation Unidimensional or Bidimensional? A Head-to-Head Comparison in the Prediction of Personality, Self-Identity, and Adjustment
2 I- U& g7 ?% ~2 ~5 F+ z05. Egocentric Empathy Gaps Between Owners and Buyers: Misperceptions of the Endowment Effect
2 C: `: C! p1 c06. Intergroup Discrimination in the Minimal Group Paradigm: Categorization, Reciprocation, or Fear?7 C) J1 s3 ?. E7 _) ^- |5 f/ P' H
07. The Personal-Group Discrepancy: Is There a Common Information Basis for Personal and Group Judgment?/ B* ]! R5 m% d3 {% @& k+ c$ J
08. Handshaking, Gender, Personality, and First Impressions8 T# N$ W  J$ V3 ^: T
09. The Body as a Source of Self-Esteem: The Effect of Mortality Salience on Identification With One's Body, Interest in s-e-x, and Appearance Monitoring
/ @9 {& K+ q3 w10. Coping and Physical Health During Caregiving: The Roles of Positive and Negative Affect0 Y1 W) S- N: r+ A3 R- Y
11. Attitude Toward Women's Societal Roles Moderates the Effect of Gender Cues on Target Individuation

01. The Cognitive Impact of Past Behavior: Influences on Beliefs, Attitudes, and Future Behavioral Decisions( D( t& W5 }$ x! e) \: ]
Dolores Albarracin, Robert S. Wyer, Jr.! g/ `8 f* J9 M6 m% A: {7 n2 `

7 c% i3 r2 z; kTo study the processes by which past behavior influences future behavior, participants were led to believe that without being aware of it, they had expressed either support for or opposition to the institution of comprehensive exams. Judgment and response time data suggested that participants' perceptions of their past behavior often influenced their decisions to repeat the behavior. This influence was partly the result of cognitive activity that influenced participants' cognitions about specific behavioral consequences and the attitude they based on these cognitions. More generally, however, feedback about past behavior had a direct effect on participants' attitudes and ultimate behavioral decisions that was independent of the outcome-specific cognitions. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for biased scanning of memory, dissonance reduction, self-perception, and the use of behavior as a heuristic.

02. The "Relative Self": Informational and Judgmental Consequences of Comparative Self-Evaluation
! D! z$ s5 O( d& FThomas Mussweiler and Fritz Strack) A! g* ~6 O' R/ @# k, D. n
4 [6 B; q2 d7 Z) ^2 |  D
Results of 5 studies demonstrated that self-evaluative comparisons have 2 distinct informational consequences with opposing judgmental effects: They selectively increase the accessibility of standardconsistent self-knowledge and provide an evaluative reference point. The first informational consequence produces assimilation in self-evaluative judgments, whereas the latter yields contrast. Using a lexical decision task. Study 1 demonstrated that a social comparison selectively increases the accessibility of standard-consistent self-knowledge. Study 2 showed that this effect also holds for comparisons with objective standards. Studies 3 and 4 revealed that the same comparison may lead to assimilation on objective and contrast on subjective self-judgments. Finally, Study 5 demonstrated that assimilation results for comparisons with relevant and irrelevant standards, whereas contrast occurs only for relevant standards.

03. Approach and Avoidance: The Influence of Proprioceptive and Exteroceptive Cues on Encoding of Affective Information, Z  @# D6 h" P0 w
Roland Neumann and Fritz Strack
4 E( n9 r* m. K; {% Q
* u7 l) E- d- |' A3 i' r- MIn 3 experiments, the authors tested the assumption that perceived movements toward a person trigger the approach system and thereby facilitate the processing of positive affective concepts, whereas perceived movements away from a person trigger the avoidance system and thereby facilitate the processing of negative affective concepts. In the 1st study, participants categorized positive words more quickly than negative words while flexing the arm and negative words more quickly than positive words while extending the arm. The 2nd study revealed that positive words were categorized more rapidly than negative words if viewers had the impression that they were moving toward the computer screen, whereas negative words were categorized faster if viewers had the impression that they were moving away from the screen. These findings were replicated in Experiment 3 using a lexical decision task instead of an adjective evaluation task.

04. Is Acculturation Unidimensional or Bidimensional? A Head-to-Head Comparison in the Prediction of Personality, Self-Identity, and Adjustment% C5 e1 m( i' }3 f4 |
Andrew G. Ryder, Lynn E. Alden, and Delroy L. Paulhus" B# Q6 U3 {. e" J* l

& W- X8 r  a. S6 k; NThe unidimensional model of acculturation posits that heritage and mainstream culture identifications have a strong inverse relation, whereas the bidimensional model posits that the 2 identifications are independent. The authors compared these models in 3 samples of ethnic Chinese (ns = 164, 150, and 204), 1 sample of non-Chinese East Asians (n = 70), and one diverse group of accultumting individuals (n = 140). Although the unidimensional measure showed a coherent pattern of external correlates, the bidimensional measure revealed independent dimensions corresponding to heritage and mainstream culture identification. These dimensions displayed patterns of noninverse correlations with personality, self-identity, and psychosocial adjustment. The authors conclude that the bidimensional model is a more valid and useful O p e r ationalization of acculturation.

05. Egocentric Empathy Gaps Between Owners and Buyers: Misperceptions of the Endowment Effect
" C' C* `. H% _Leaf Van Boven and David Dunning, George Loewenstein: s2 Q9 @+ |4 a& y

2 S' t# b1 u6 I1 pIn 5 studies, the authors examined people's perceptions of the endowment effect, or the tendency to value an object more once one owns it. In the 1st 2 studies, the authors documented egocentric empathy gaps between owners and buyers regarding the endowment effect: Both owners and buyers overestimated the similarity between their own valuation of a commodity and the valuation of people in the other role. The next 2 studies showed that these empathy gaps may lead to reduced earnings in a market setting. The final study showed that egocentric empathy gaps stem partly from people's misprediction of what their own valuation would be if they were in the other role.

06. Intergroup Discrimination in the Minimal Group Paradigm: Categorization, Reciprocation, or Fear?$ l9 {* ]( w3 {8 |: k' X
Lowell Gaertner, Chester A. Insko
6 d: o# b2 u% b' y. k
- }' z" ?4 q" m" k! B2 E, YH. Tajfel's (1970) minimal group paradigm (MGP) research suggests that social categorization is a sufficient antecedent of ingroup-favoring discrimination. Two experiments examined whether discrimination in the MGP arises from categorization or processes of outcome dependence, that is, ingroup reciprocity and outgroup fear. Experiment 1 unconfounded categorization from outcome dependence. Categorized men discriminated only when dependent on others. Categorized women discriminated regardless of the structure of dependence. Experiment 2 examined dependence on the ingroup versus the outgroup as the locus of male-initiated discrimination. Consistently with an ingroup reciprocity effect, men di scriminated when dependent on ingroup, but not outgroup, members. s-e-x differences are discussed in regard to women's heightened ingroup dependence produced by biological or environmental constraints.

07. The Personal-Group Discrepancy: Is There a Common Information Basis for Personal and Group Judgment?
8 h2 }0 _0 B+ y% {2 mThomas Kessler, Am61ie Mummendey, and Utta-Kristin Leisse) X- k6 g4 W: B- B6 D# q
% T1 A- Q! G4 `) W1 `% N
In contrast to motivational accounts of the personal-group discrepancy, results from this article suggest that the discrepancy is explained by aggregating different sets of comparison outcomes for either personal or group ratings. Results from a longitudinal study with East German (the minority group) and West German (the majority group) samples confirm the personal-group discrepancy and support our approach. First, social comparisons influenced evaluations of economic situation at both group and personal levels. Second, ratings of group versus personal economic situation were based on different sets of comparisons. Third, the mean structure of both sets of comparison outcomes mirrored the personal-group discrepancy. Fourth, an interaction between personal-group discrepancy and group status supported the authors' suggestions concerning the direction of the discrepancy.

08. Handshaking, Gender, Personality, and First Impressions- L7 c1 t; s) N4 e
William F. Chaplin, Jeffrey B. Phillips, Jonathan D. Brown, Nancy R. Cianton, and Jennifer L. Stein) y/ r+ Y* \9 m

; {  O. V- g9 m4 tAlthough people's handshakes are thought to reflect their personality and influence our first impressions of them, these relations have seldom been formalLy investigated. One hundred twelve participants had their hand shaken twice by 4 trained coders (2 men and 2 women) and completed 4 personality measures. The participants' handshakes were stable and consistent across time and coders. There were also gender differences on most of the handshaking characteristics. A firm handshake was related positively to extraversion and emotional expressiveness and negatively to shyness and neuroticisin; it was also positively related to openness to experience, but only for women. Finally, handshake characteristics wer related to the impressions of the participants formed by the coders. These results demonstrate that personality traits, assessed through self-report, can predict specific behaviors assessed by trained observers. The pattern of relations among openness, gender, handshaking, and first impressions suggests that a firm handshake may be an effective form of self-promotion for women.

09. The Body as a Source of Self-Esteem: The Effect of Mortality Salience on Identification With One's Body, Interest in s-e-x, and Appearance Monitoring
* M7 h# c" @# D" |5 H% a8 XJamie L. Goldenberg, Shannon K. McCoy, Tom Pyszczynski, Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon
1 V8 y) L% w" Y# U8 W1 p: E5 j
2 x: c! ?* n8 h' C$ H0 B* h4 U4 SThe present research investigated the role of the physical body as a source of self-esteem and tested the hypothesis derived from terror management theory that reminding people of their mortality increases self-esteem striving in the form of identification with one's body, interest in s-e-x, and appearance monitoring. The results revealed that individuals high in body esteem responded to mortality salience manipulations with increased identification with their physical bodies in Study 1 and with increased interest in s-e-x in Study 2. Study 3 showed that reminders of death led to decreased appearance monitoring among appearance-oriented participants who were low in body esteem. These findings provide insight into why people often go to extreme lengths to meet cultural standards for the body and its appearance.