01. Mood and Heuristics: The Influence of Happy and Sad States on Sensitivity and Bias in Stereotyping
2 s- M) ~, w% V. n0 m02. Automatic Vigilance: The Attention-Grabbing Power of Approach and Avoidance-Related Social Information- {( p! S8 ~- B, S4 ?/ ]
03. The Use of Category and Exemplar Knowledge in the Solution of Anchoring Tasks
; B, T5 F' }; \' P+ K04. A Safe Haven: An Attachment Theory Perspective on Support Seeking and Caregiving in Intimate Relationships
- L, h( ?  [+ Z05. Violence Is a Curvilinear Function of Temperature in Dallas: A Replication0 B4 L) V" |% V. h
06. Psychophysiological Responses to Imagined Infidelity: The Specific Innate Modular View of Jealousy Reconsidered
5 Y/ n, W- i/ b$ A3 n8 _07. The Influence of Cognitive Load on Self-Presentation: Can Cognitive Busyness Help as Well as Harm Social Performance?3 r0 R( @7 K1 W' f
08. Taxometric Analyses of s-e-xual Orientation and Gender Identity4 l( }/ j9 n+ n. Y3 u6 I8 F; m% e& g
09. The Pleasures and Pains of Distinct Self-Construals: The Role of Interdependence in Regulatory Focus
7 ?+ W# X5 I! w+ Q" O* z10. Behavioral Activation and Inhibition in Everyday Life6 v' e' P& Y: t% _
11. Coping Through Emotional Approach: Scale Construction and Validation

01. Mood and Heuristics: The Influence of Happy and Sad States on Sensitivity and Bias in Stereotyping
) R7 X3 Q7 i% X; u6 H$ E0 t+ k6 rJaihyun Park, Mahzarin R. Banaji/ f# f: E+ I- j, ?. W& Y$ a" |

2 g- t$ J3 f4 t* X. BThe influence of mood states on the propensity to use heuristics as expressed in stereotypes was examined using signal detection statistics. Participants experienced happy, neutral, or sad moods and "remembered" whether names connoting race (African American, European American) belonged to social categories (criminal, politician, basketball player). Positive mood increased reliance on heuristics, indexed by higher false identification of members of stereotyped groups. Positive mood lowered sensitivity (d'X even among relative experts, and shifted bias (/3) or criterion to be more lenient for stereotypical names. In contrast, sad mood did not disrupt sensitivity and, in fact, revealed the use of a stricter criterion compared with baseline mood. Results support theories that characterize happy mood as a mental state that predisposes reliance on heuristics and sad mood as dampening such reliance.

02. Automatic Vigilance: The Attention-Grabbing Power of Approach and Avoidance-Related Social Information
* i# ?5 H. T( J% S9 B) w3 L& q9 |Dirk Wentura, Klaus Rothermund and Peter Bak
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4 ~- {7 I, v* g2 [$ E3 qThe automatic processing of information was investigated, varying valence (positive vs. negative) and relevance (other-relevant traits [ORT] vs. possessor-relevant traits [PRTj; G. Peeters, 1983) of stimuli. ORTs denote unconditionally positive or negative consequences for persons in the social environment of the holder of the trait (e.g., honest, brutal) whereas PRTs denote unconditionally positive or negative consequences for the trait holder (e.g., happy, depressive). In 2 experiments using the Stroop paradigm, larger interference effects were found for ORTs than PRTs. This is due to the behavior-relatedness of ORTs. In a go/no-go lexical decision task (Experiment 3), participants either had to withdraw their finger from a pressed key (i.e., "avoid") or had to press a key (i.e., "approach") if a word was presented. Responses to negative ORTs were relatively faster in the withdraw condition, whereas positive ORTs were relatively faster in the press condition.

03. The Use of Category and Exemplar Knowledge in the Solution of Anchoring Tasks& ^3 A1 _- ^8 _! X- i3 A6 C
Thomas Mussweiler and Fritz Strack
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# l! \8 L0 m1 i6 x5 u* ]' iFive studies examine the role that category and exemplar knowledge play in the mediation of anchoring effects—the assimilation of an absolute estimate to a previously considered standard. Studies 1 through 3 demonstrate that comparing the target object with a plausible anchor (i.e., a standard that constitutes a possible value for the target) leads to a selective increase in the accessibility of anchor-consistent exemplar knowledge about the target. This easily accessible knowledge is then used to generate the absolute estimate, which leads to its assimilation to the standard. Studies 4 and 5 demonstrate that comparing the target with an implausible anchor, however, involves the activation of knowledge about the general category of the target, rather than exemplar knowledge about the target itself.

05. Violence Is a Curvilinear Function of Temperature in Dallas: A Replication
! L, o; }. Q6 h$ S8 gJames Rotton and Ellen G. Cohn
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Data on weather and aggravated assaults were obtained to determine whether the curvilinear relationship between temperature and violence previously observed in Minneapolis, Minnesota (E. G. Cohn & J. Rotton, 1997), could be replicated. The data consisted of calls for services received by police in Dallas between January 1,1994, and December 31, 1995. Controlling for holidays, school closings, time of day, day of the week, season of the year, and their interactions, moderator-variable autoregression analyses indicated that assaults were an inverted U-shaped function of temperature. Replicating past research, the curvilinear relationship was dominant during daylight hours and spring months, whereas linear relationships were observed during nighttime hours and other seasons. The results are interpreted in terms of routine activity theory and the negative affect escape model of aggression.

04. A Safe Haven: An Attachment Theory Perspective on Support Seeking and Caregiving in Intimate Relationships
) U& W8 V5 q/ T; w5 c: h( oNancy L. Collins and Brooke C. Feeney7 D, d2 j/ r( [: P  T. x, Y  p

9 P- J9 r) n# A$ |This study used an attachment theoretical framework to investigate support-seeking and caregiving processes in intimate relationships. Dating couples (N = 93) were videotaped while one member of the couple (support seeker) disclosed a personal problem to his or her partner (caregiver). Results indicated that when support seekers rated their problem as more stressful, they engaged in more direct supportseeking behavior, which led their partners to respond with more helpful forms of caregiving. Responsive caregiving then led seekers to feel cared for and to experience improved mood. Evidence for individual differences was also obtained: Avoidant attachment predicted ineffective support seeking, and anxious attachment predicted poor caregiving. Finally, couples in better functioning relationships engaged in more supportive interactions, and participants' perceptions of their interaction were biased by relationship quality and attachment style.

06. Psychophysiological Responses to Imagined Infidelity: The Specific Innate Modular View of Jealousy Reconsidered
+ p3 I7 E# G8 \+ x7 ^! h9 h8 OChristine R. Harris7 R9 F) Z' V: S! \5 r; ]
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Three studies measured psychophysiological reactivity (heart rate, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity) while participants imagined a mate's infidelity. The specific innate modular theory of gender differences in jealousy hypothesizes that men are upset by s-e-xual infidelity and women are upset by emotional infidelity, because of having faced different adaptive challenges (cuckoldry and loss of a mate's resources, respectively). This view was not supported. In men, s-e-xual-infidelity imagery elicited greater reactivity than emotional-infidelity imagery. But, s-e-xual imagery elicited greater reactivity even when infidelity was not involved, suggesting that the differential reactivity may not specifically index greater jealousy. In two studies with reasonable power, women did not respond more strongly to emotional infidelity. Moreover, women with committed s-e-xual relationship experience showed reactivity patterns similar to those of men. Hypothetical infidelity self-reports were unrelated to reactivity.

07. The Influence of Cognitive Load on Self-Presentation: Can Cognitive Busyness Help as Well as Harm Social Performance?6 x1 x( Z, K* C$ y- V
Beth A. Pontari and Barry R. Schlenker
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3 b+ P$ d1 D/ L% b/ p  z- mExtra cognitive loads can hinder challenging self-presentations by usurping needed cognitive resources but also may sometimes improve them by shifting attention away from negative self-preoccupation. In Study 1, extraverts and introverts participated in an interview in which they presented themselves as either extraverted or introverted. Congruent self-presentations, which should be cognitively nondemanding, were unaffected by a cognitive busyness manipulation (rehearsing an 8-digit number). However, incongruent self-presentations were affected by busyness. Busyness decreased the effectiveness of extraverts who tried to appear introverted but increased the effectiveness of introverts who tried to appear extraverted. Study 2 found that introverts, who also tend to be socially anxious, reported less public self-consciousness and fewer negative self-focused thoughts when they were busy than when they were not busy.

08. Taxometric Analyses of s-e-xual Orientation and Gender Identity
& b# E# h8 S  MSteven W. Gangestad, J. Michael Bailey, Nicholas G. Martin
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Taxa are nonarbitrary classes whose existence is an empirical question and not a matter of mere semantic convenience. Taxometric procedures detect whether numerical relations between purported indicators of conjectured taxa bear the hallmarks of true taxa. On the basis of theoretical considerations, the current study tested whether taxa underlie s-e-xual orientation and related measures of gender identity. Two taxometric procedures, maximum covariance, mak-ing hits maximum (MAXCOV) and mean above minus below a cut (MAMBAC), were applied to Kinsey Scales and measures of childhood gender nonconformity and adult gender identity in a sample of nearly 5,000 members of the Australian Twin Registry. Results suggest that latent taxa underlie these measures. About 12-15% of men and 5-10% of women belong to latent taxa associated with homos-e-xual preference. These percentages are greater than those of individuals who report homos-e-xual preference, however, and hence it appears that an appreciable proportion of individuals in these taxa have heteros-e-xual preference. An understanding of the origins of these latent taxa may be important to understanding the development of s-e-xual orientation and gender identity.

09. The Pleasures and Pains of Distinct Self-Construals: The Role of Interdependence in Regulatory Focus
! H8 i! K, L3 @+ |4 p( A0 j& y. rAngela Y. Lee, Jennifer L. Aaker, Wendi L. Gardner
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: O: K/ m' T! g7 ~6 ]Regulatory focus theory distinguishes between self-regulatory processes that focus on promotion and prevention strategies for goal pursuit. Five studies provide support for the hypothesis that these strategies differ for individuals with distinct self-construals. Specifically, individuals with a dominant independent self-construal were predicted to place more emphasis on promotion-focused information, and those with a dominant interdependent self-construal on prevention-focused information. Support for this hypothesis was obtained for participants who scored high versus low on the Self-Construal Scale, participants who were presented with an independent versus interdependent situation, and participants from a Western versus Eastern culture. The influence of interdependence on regulatory focus was observed in both importance ratings of information and affective responses consistent with promotion or prevention focus.