01. Focalism: A Source of Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting
4 \8 J' J  O% r+ f2 I02. Facing Faces: Studies on the Cognitive Aspects of Physiognomy
* x; S0 a9 x- ~03. The Psychology of the Unthinkable: Taboo Trade-Offs, Forbidden Base Rates, and Heretical Counte**ctuals$ F9 ?( z! C9 S& N4 I7 Y" n
04. Just Say No (to Stereotyping): Effects of Training in the Negation of Stereotypic Associations on Stereotype Activation4 / M5 w9 b. V4 t5 j' U
05. Influence of Social Motives on Integrative Negotiation: A Meta-Analytic Review and Test of Two Theories
% U: @" b/ g! m$ ]  e) |06. Pro-Norm and Anti-Norm Deviance Within and Between Groups' ^. |& C3 |+ o/ d: W: G( t
07. The Moderating Effect of Trivial Triggering Provocation on Displaced Aggression
6 l' X8 H; m- Q4 {7 ?% }9 X1 L08. The Frequency of Temporal-Self and Social Comparisons in People's Personal Appraisals
) [$ T' s8 i9 Z9 G09. Culture, Control, and Perception of Relationships in the Environment" C' G1 R0 p2 }# G, |, `
10. An Event-Related Potential Analysis of Extraversion and Individual Differences in Cognitive Processing Speed and Response Execution1 f5 L; y) o7 `9 C
11. mak-ing Judgments About Ability: The Role of Implicit Theories of Ability in Moderating Inferences From Temporal and Social Comparison Information! D; t( T# A% ~7 ?3 n, U7 f; ^+ m
12. Stress and Alcohol Use: A Daily Process Examination of the Stressor-Vulnerability Model

01. Focalism: A Source of Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting
6 L9 S2 Z8 s1 }6 _3 z  HTimothy D. Wilson, Thalia Wheatley, and Jonathan M. Meyers, Daniel T. Gilbert Danny Axsom
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; v6 u# ?) G  {% c) eThe durability bias, the tendency to overpredict the duration of affective reactions to future events, may be due in part to focalism, whereby people focus too much on the event in question and not enough on the consequences of other future events. If so, asking people to think about other future activities should reduce the durability bias. In Studies 1-3, college football fans were less likely to overpredict how long the outcome of a football game would influence their happiness if they first thought about how much time they would spend on other future activities. Studies 4 and 5 ruled out alternative explanations and found evidence for a distraction interpretation, that people who think about future events moderate their forecasts because they believe that these events will reduce thinking about the focal event. The authors discuss the implications of focalism for other literatures, such as the planning fallacy.

02. Facing Faces: Studies on the Cognitive Aspects of Physiognomy
  g& a' z# G; vRan Hassin and Yaacov Trope
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: h$ r" q. J8 ~3 B1 X' v5 D( {Physiognomy, the art of reading personality traits from faces, dates back to ancient Greece, and is still very popular. The present studies examine several aspects and consequences of the process of reading traits from faces. Using faces with neutral expressions, it is demonstrated that personality information conveyed in faces changes the interpretation of verbal information. Moreover, it is shown that physiognomic information has a consistent effect on decisions, and creates overconfidence in judgments. It is argued, however, that the process of "reading from faces" is just one side of the coin, the other side of which is "reading into faces." Consistent with the latter, information about personality changes the perception of facial features and, accordingly, the perceived similarity between faces. The implications of both processes and questions regarding their automaticity are discussed.

03. The Psychology of the Unthinkable: Taboo Trade-Offs, Forbidden Base Rates, and Heretical Counte**ctuals
. }/ w  Q  z! a# O" {; rPhilip E. Tetlock, Orie V. Kristel, S. Beth Elson, Melanie C. Green, Jennifer S. Lerner3 Y$ V* Z/ s0 V! T/ x5 Z: c* y
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Five studies explored cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to proscribed forms of social cognition. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that people responded to taboo trade-offs that monetized sacred values with moral outrage and cleansing. Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that racial egalitarians were least likely to use, and angriest at those who did use, race-tainted base rates and that egalitarians who inadvertently used such base rates tried to reaffirm their fair-mindedness. Experiment 5 revealed that Christian fundamentalists were most likely to reject heretical counte**ctuals that applied everyday causal schemata to Biblical narratives and to engage in moral cleansing after merely contemplating such possibilities. Although the results fit the sacred-value-protection model (SVPM) better than rival formulations, the SVPM must draw on cross-cultural taxonomies of relational schemata to specify normative boundaries on thought.

04. Just Say No (to Stereotyping): Effects of Training in the Negation of Stereotypic Associations on Stereotype Activation* U2 N  F% A* B$ R2 k5 o: a
Kerry Kawakami, John F. Dovidio, Jasper Moll and Sander Hermsen, Abby Russin5 ~! M) B/ a# M' v6 r0 p
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The primary aim of the present research was to examine the effect of training in negating stereotype associations on stereotype activation. Across 3 studies, participants received practice in negating stereotypes related to skinhead and racial categories. The subsequent automatic activation of stereotypes was measured using either a primed Stroop task (Studies 1 and 2) or a person categorization task (Study 3). The results demonstrate that when receiving no training or training in a nontarget category stereotype, participants exhibited spontaneous stereotype activation. After receiving an extensive amount of training related to a specific category, however, participants demonstrated reduced stereotype activation. The results from the training task provide further evidence for the impact of practice on participants' proficiency in negating stereotypes.

06. Pro-Norm and Anti-Norm Deviance Within and Between Groups
9 r% n8 z& N# ^, iDominic Abrams, Jose M. Marques, Nicola Bown, Michelle Henson) L4 j0 P7 `! ]. Z( K' G

. X# _& |6 k  cParticipants evaluated other individuals who deviated in either an ami- or pro-normative direction relative to normative members. In Study 1, in-group gender-normative members were rated more positively than deviant members. The pro-norm deviant was viewed as more attractive than the anti-norm deviant. In Study 2 anti-norm in-group deviants were evaluated more negatively than anti-norm out-group deviants even though both held identical attitudes. In both studies, despite objective equivalence, pro-norm deviance was perceived as less "atypical" than anti-norm deviance. Judgments and reactions to deviance depend on group membership and the direction of deviance, not just its magnitude. Evaluations of deviants are also related to perceivers' identification with their own group. These findings are consistent with our model of subjective group dynamics.

05. Influence of Social Motives on Integrative Negotiation: A Meta-Analytic Review and Test of Two Theories: B7 B4 F9 X6 [: ~8 E0 B
Carsten K. W. De Dreu, Laurie R. Weingart and Seungwoo Kwon
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1 _+ I2 V9 b5 XA meta-analysis of 28 studies examined support for the Theory of CoO p e r ation and Competition (M. Deutsch, 1973) and Dual Concern Theory (D. G. Pruitt & J. Z. Rubin, 1986). Effects of social motive (prosocial vs. egoistic) and resistance to yielding (high vs. low vs. unknown) on contenting, problem solving, and joint outcomes were examined. Consistent with Dual Concern Theory, results showed that negotiators were less contentious, engaged in more problem solving, and achieved higher joint outcomes when they had a prosocial rather than egoistic motive, but only when resistance to yielding was high (or unknown) rather than low. The authors also explored the moderating effects of study characteristics and found effects for participation inducement (class exercise, participant pool), for publication status, and for treatment of no-agreement dyads.

07. The Moderating Effect of Trivial Triggering Provocation on Displaced Aggression, m! @- T. t4 d& L) f
William C. Pedersen, Candace Gonzales, and Norman Miller
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# z0 y3 a) |% C& h1 qTwo studies examined the interaction between the presence or absence of (a) an initial provocation and (b) a subsequent minor triggering action on the part of the target of displaced aggression. Consistent with the triggering event being seen by participants as indeed trivial when administered by itself without prior provocation, exposure to it literally had no impact on aggression toward its source. When previously provoked, however, this subsequent triggering event strongly increased displaced aggression, causing it to reliably exceed both that displayed when there was no antecedent provocation and that elicited by provocation alone. Mediation analyses showed that for participants who had been provoked, subjective feelings of displeasure concerning the triggering event mediated the effect of the trigger on aggression.

08. The Frequency of Temporal-Self and Social Comparisons in People's Personal Appraisals
; j9 B; r; I8 ]/ W$ h% c0 OAnne E. Wilson and Michael Ross
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: ]; p# K. D8 {9 ]Although past literature emphasizes the importance of social comparisons, in this study it was predicted that participants would often mention temporal comparisons in their self-descriptions. The first 3 studies revealed that participants report as many or more temporal-past comparisons than social comparisons. It was predicted that people would particularly favor temporal-past comparisons when they are interested in enhancing themselves. Temporal-past comparisons are gratifying, because they tend lo indicate improvement over time. Social comparisons may be preferred when people are motivated to evaluate themselves accurately. These predictions were supported when self-evaluation and self-enhancement goals were explicitly manipulated (Study 4) or primed (Study 5).

10. An Event-Related Potential Analysis of Extraversion and Individual Differences in Cognitive Processing Speed and Response Execution
# g0 q# I. y3 M- |  UCynthia Doucet and Robert M. Stelmack; y' t6 K( O9 c$ j; {4 |- l7 s
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individual differences in cognitive processing speed and response execution were examined in relation to extraversion. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded concurrently with reaction time and movement time (MT) measures as participants (N = 67) performed sim-ple reaction time and stimulusresponse compatibility tasks. Slower processing speed for extraverts, as indicated by longer latency of a late positive ERP wave, P3, was only evident in conditions in which stimulus information was in conflict with response selection demands. As previously reported, the salient effect in all conditions of both tasks was faster MT for extraverts, an effect that is indicative of differences in fundamental motor processes, On the sim-ple reaction time task, amplitudes of the Nl component, an early negative ERP wave, were smaller for extraverts than for introverts in response to auditory tones, an effect that affirms the enhanced sensory reactivity of introverts to punctate physical stimuli.