01. Alcohol Myopia and Condom Use: Can Alcohol Intoxication Be Associated With More Prudent Behavior?0 M; @$ R$ N! _- _. N/ C2 q6 F3 H/ L
02. Bracing for Loss
& k/ K- e! M' F7 M03. Framing Interethnic Ideology: Effects of Multicultural and Color-Blind Perspectives on Judgments of Groups and Individuals
& o$ s8 l, |, f  r( k. M04. Biased Information Search in Group Decision mak-ing
( H0 U" C* J2 ]6 m! k05. Displaced Aggression Is Alive and Well: A Meta-Analytic Review& t8 p) r. X0 w2 v1 D& j! r
06. Meta-Stereotype Activation: Evidence From Indirect Measures for Specific Evaluative Concerns Experienced by Members of Dominant Groups in Intergroup Interaction2 c0 g) R5 y! s8 e+ |+ G
07. Perspective-Taking: Decreasing Stereotype Expression, Stereotype Accessibility, and In-Group Favoritism5 P( \3 G2 Q. }
08. Interpersonal Evaluations Following Threats to Self: Role of Self-Esteem2 ?' i* Z4 ?* l! d- @2 p
09. Retrieving Positive Memories to Regulate Negative Mood: Consequences for Mood-Congruent Memory2 ]. r3 s, [" I8 k
10. Don't Mind If I Do: Disinhibited Eating Under Cognitive Load" @7 _4 p7 w5 d6 f8 V% n7 w
11. Social Comparisons of Income in One's Community: Evidence From National Surveys of Income and Happiness# F! L) c5 C- I# K
12. Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and in Life
: W' X( Z# R; ]& k13. The Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal and Relationships

01. Alcohol Myopia and Condom Use: Can Alcohol Intoxication Be Associated With More Prudent Behavior?8 N9 {( l& `6 ]+ ?! u, r
Tara K. MacDonald, Geoffrey T. Fong and Mark P. Zanna, Alanna M. Martineau3 U6 p9 D1 T- }* Q1 M5 s3 V
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We tested 2 competing theories about the effects of alcohol on intentions to engage in risky behavior. Disinhibition predicts that intoxicated people will exhibit risky behavior regardless of environmental cues, whereas alcohol myopia (C. M. Steele & R. A. Josephs, 1990) predicts that intoxicated people will be more or less likely to exhibit risky behavior, depending on the cues provided. In 4 studies, we found an interaction between intoxication and cue type. When impelling cues were present, intoxicated people reported greater intentions to have unprotected s-e-x than did sober people. When subtle inhibiting cues were present, intoxicated and sober people reported equally cautious intentions (Studies 1-3). When strong inhibiting cues were present, intoxicated people reported more prudent intentions than did sober people (Study 4). We suggest that alcohol myopia provides a more comprehensive account of the effects of alcohol than does disinhibition.

02. Bracing for Loss
+ o2 y' D% r4 l# g6 ~James A. Shepperd, Cynthia Findley-Klein, Kimberley D. Kwavnick, Danette Walker, and Sylvia Perez
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7 {4 u$ K8 A8 H( _1 M3 c$ yPeople find unexpected bad news aversive and often brace themselves by predicting the worst. Three experiments examined whether the pessimism is influenced by personal need. Students who differed in financial need learned that a billing error meant that some students would receive an additional bill from their university. Financially needy students were consistently pessimistic in predicting their likelihood of receiving a bill, whereas non-needy students were not. In addition, the experiments reveal that (a) the pessimism occurred for potential losses but not potential gains, (b) needy students were pessimistic about their own chances but not the chances of a friend, (c) the pessimism was not attributable to needy students' being more readily primed by the news of a possible bill or to needy students' having more experience with billing errors, and (d) the pessimism was specific to monetary losses and did not generalize to other events.

03. Framing Interethnic Ideology: Effects of Multicultural and Color-Blind Perspectives on Judgments of Groups and Individuals( w( k0 c: R$ e
Christopher Wolsko, Bernadette Park, Charles M. Judd, Bernd Wittenbrink! `, k% n7 Z- g9 ^0 H& G
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In 3 experiments, White American college students received a message advocating either a color-blind or a multicultural ideological approach to improving interethnic relations and then made judgments about various ethnic groups and individuals. Relative to a color-blind perspective, the multicultural perspective led to stronger stereotypes, greater accuracy in these stereotypes, and greater use of category information in judgments of individuals. This increase in between-category differentiation occurred both for attributes that favored the in-group and for attributes that favored the out-group and was also paired in some cases with greater overall positivity toward the out-group. The findings lead us to question the implicit assumption driving the majority of social psychological efforts at prejudice reduction: that the categorization process leads to prejudice, and that the relevance of social categories must therefore be de-emphasized.

04. Biased Information Search in Group Decision mak-ing: c# G# o7 F% H1 y# S
Stefan Schulz-Hardt, Dieter Frey, Carsten Luthgens, Serge Moscovici
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( l& l) R1 ]; N1 l/ ~" Z" g' E2 i) }Research has shown that people prefer supporting to conflicting information when mak-ing decisions. Whether this biased information search also occurs in group decision mak-ing was examined in three experiments. Experiment 1 indicated that groups as well as individuals prefer supporting information and that the strength of this bias depends on die distribution of the group members' initial decision preferences. The more group members had chosen the same alternative prior to the group discussion (group homogeneity), the more strongly the group preferred information supporting that alternative. Experiment 2 replicated these results with managers. Experiment 3 showed that the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous groups reflect group-level processes. Higher commitment and confidence in homogeneous groups mediated this effect. Functional and dysfunctional aspects of biased information seeking in group decision mak-ing are discussed.

05. Displaced Aggression Is Alive and Well: A Meta-Analytic Review
& l. p( J9 \. F6 S' @Amy Marcus-Newhall, William C. Pedersen, Mike Carlson, and Norman Miller3 K8 ~  w3 u' s8 C5 A
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Content analysis of 122 social psychology textbooks confirmed that displaced aggression received a surge of attention immediately following J. Dollard, L. W. Doob, N. E. Miller, O. H. Mowrer, and R. R. Sears (1939), but subsequent interest sharply declined. Contemporary texts give it little attention. By contrast, meta-analysis of the experimental literature confirms that it is a robust effect (mean effect size = +0.54). Additionally, moderator analyses showed that: (a) The more negative the setting in which the participant and target interacted, the greater the magnitude of displaced aggression; (b) in accord with N. E. Miller's (1948) stimulus generalization principle, the more similar the provocateur and target, the more displaced aggression; and (c) consistent with the contrast effect (L. Berkowitz & D. A. Knurek, 1969), the intensity of initial provocation is inversely related to the magnitude of displaced aggression.

06. Meta-Stereotype Activation: Evidence From Indirect Measures for Specific Evaluative Concerns Experienced by Members of Dominant Groups in Intergroup Interaction
+ P1 o6 ]/ N) O% ~; A' zJacquie D. Vorauer, A. J. Hunter, Kelley J. Main, and Scott A. Roy$ _$ }  d4 x, q4 q" _9 O
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Six experiments demonstrated that dominant group members readily frame intergroup interaction in terms of how they themselves are evaluated. The authors used indirect measures of meta-stereotype activation to assess dominant group members' inclination to spontaneously consider an out-group member's (ostensible) stereotypic expectations about them. The necessary conditions for meta-stereotype activation were rather minimal, but the potential for evaluation by an out-group member—as opposed to mere exposure to the person—was required. Individual differences involving the importance accorded to social evaluation (public self-consciousness and personal importance of racial attitudes) were associated with meta-stereotype activation, whereas racial attitudes were not. Two studies in which evaluative orientation was manipulated directly demonstrated a link between thinking in terms of how one is viewed and the activation and application of meta-stereotypes.

08. Interpersonal Evaluations Following Threats to Self: Role of Self-Esteem" L! r8 x: \/ Q6 u, ^) M
Todd F. Heatherton and Kathleen D. Vohs$ D( Y  R4 B6 R. S# j
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In 2 studies, the authors used dyadic interactions to assess the influence of ego threat on likability as a function of self-esteem. In both studies, 2 ** participants engaged in a structured conversation; in half of the dyads, I participant received an ego threat prior to the interaction. In the 1st study, threatened high self-esteem participants were rated as less likable than were threatened low self-esteem participants. The 2nd study confirmed that ego threats are associated with decreased liking for those with high self-esteem and with increased liking for those with low self-esteem. A mediational analysis demonstrated that decreased liking among high self-esteem participants was due to being perceived as antagonistic. Study 2 also indicated that the findings could not be explained by trait levels of narcissism. These patterns are interpreted in terms of differential sensitivity to potential interpersonal rejection.

07. Perspective-Taking: Decreasing Stereotype Expression, Stereotype Accessibility, and In-Group Favoritism& N# a2 r) S6 C  U) {
Adam D. Galinsky, Gordon B. Moskowitz/ f& b6 @  H/ q# B# _& k
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Using 3 experiments, the authors explored the role of perspective-taking in debiasing social thought. In the 1st 2 experiments, perspective-taking was contrasted with stereotype suppression as a possible strategy for achieving stereotype control. In Experiment 1, perspective-taking decreased stereotypic biases on both a conscious and a nonconscious task. In Experiment 2, perspective-taking led to both decreased stereotyping and increased overlap between representations of the self and representations of the elderly, suggesting activation and application of the self-concept in judgments of the elderly. In Experiment 3, perspective-taking reduced evidence of in-group bias in the minimal group paradigm by increasing evaluations of the out-group. The role of self-other overlap in producing prosocial outcomes and the separation of the conscious, explicit effects from the nonconscious, implicit effects of perspective-taking are discussed.

09. Retrieving Positive Memories to Regulate Negative Mood: Consequences for Mood-Congruent Memory
6 V, O# U* m& N/ a$ ]Cheryl L. Rusting and Tracy DeHart9 |; b9 j" u* b6 f6 K. ]

+ w& D+ Z6 J) ~- m' o7 u7 QSeveral researchers have suggested that mood-incongruency effects are due to a mood-regulatory process in which people retrieve positive memories to repair negative moods. The present studies tested this idea by manipulating mood-repair strategies and examining their impact on positive and negative memory retrieval. Mood-congruent retrieval occurred when participants stayed focused on events associated with their negative mood; mood-incongruent retrieval occurred when participants engaged in positive reappraisal (when they reinterpreted events as having positive outcomes). The effects of these strategies on memory retrieval also interacted with personality traits related to negative mood regulation. Individuals high in such traits showed stronger mood-incongruent memory than did individuals low in negative mood-regulation traits. Discussion focuses on integrating mood-regulatory variables and personality variables into existing mood-congruency theories (e.g., associative network models).