10. Don't Mind If I Do: Disinhibited Eating Under Cognitive Load3 J  s2 i7 d+ C: O7 m3 S: k( ?
Andrew Ward, Traci Mann8 |! M- z; C- s" R" V

5 x! Q4 R  n2 A; ?' zPast research has shown that strong emotional or motivational states can cause normally restrained eaters to overeat. In this article it is argued that sim-ple cognitive load can also disinhibit eating by restrained eaters. Two studies examined this disinhibition effect. In Study 1, restrained and unrestrained eaters were given the opportunity to consume high-calorie food while performing either a high cognitive-load or low cognitive-load task. Restrained eaters consumed more food when under high cognitive load than when under low cognitive load; unrestrained eaters showed the opposite pattern. Study 2 replicated the disinhibition effect and ruled out stress, diminished awareness of food consumption, and ironic rebound as probable mediators. Results suggest that cognitive load may disinhibit consumption by preventing restrained eaters from monitoring the dietary consequences of their eating behavior. Implications for theories of self-regulation are discussed.

11. Social Comparisons of Income in One's Community: Evidence From National Surveys of Income and Happiness" K, ?' ?2 Y5 c% [. a
Michael R. Hagerty" C% Q6 B  g6 |' |

+ X6 Z) e7 \/ j1 P1 ^) cTwo studies provide evidence for social comparison effects of income on subjective well-being (SWB). The 1st study of 7,023 persons from nationally representative samples in the United States shows that the range and skew of the income distribution in a community affects a person's happiness, as predicted by range-frequency theory. The 2nd study of 8 nations over a period of 25 years shows that decreasing the skew (inequality) of the income distribution in a country increases average national SWB. Both studies strongly support social comparison effects of income within a community, and both results are predicted by range-frequency theory. These studies are the first to successfully extend earlier results of R. H. Smith, E. Diener, and D. H. Wedell (1-9-8-9) from the laboratory into naturalistic situations. The magnitude of the social comparison effects is smaller than the main effect of income, which implies that nations can avoid creating a "hedonic treadmill."

12. Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and in Life$ G+ ^# n; D8 S) Q, \5 ^  k
Craig A. Anderson, Karen E. Dill
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Two studies examined violent video game effects on aggression-related variables. Study 1 found that real-life violent video game play was positively related to aggressive behavior and delinquency. The relation was stronger for individuals who are characteristically aggressive and for men. Academic achievement was negatively related to overall amount of time spent playing video games. In Study 2, laboratory exposure to a graphically violent video game increased aggressive thoughts and behavior. In both studies, men had a more hostile view of the world than did women. The results from both studies are consistent with the General Affective Aggression Model, which predicts that exposure to violent video games will increase aggressive behavior in both the short term (e.g., laboratory aggression) and the long term (e.g., delinquency).

13. The Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal and Relationships' n: ~4 \; j: V" R
Susan E. Cross, Pamela L. Bacon, and Michael L. Morris
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7 R! f; E, E9 `4 Z2 xThree studies describe the development and validation of a measure of the relational-interdependent self-construal, which is defined as the tendency to think of oneself in terms of relationships with close others. Study 1 reports the development, psychometric properties, and tests of validity of this new measure. Individuals who scored high on the Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal (RISC) Scale characterized their important relationships as closer and more committed than did individuals who scored low on diis measure (Study 1) and were more likely to take into account the needs and wishes of others when mak-ing decisions (Study 2). In Study 3, using a dyadic interaction paradigm with previously unacquainted participants, the partners of persons who scored high on the RISC scale viewed them as open and responsive to their needs and concerns; these perceptions were related to positive evaluations of the relationship.