01. Beyond Valence in the Perception of Likelihood: The Role of Emotion Specificity
, x, ]  j% q  r  a# P; n& C- W02. The Impact of Positive Mood and Category Importance on Crossed Categorization Effects; f: d6 h4 B4 ~, Q# z$ N, Q, T
03. Cultural Variation in the Use of Current Life Satisfaction to Predict the Future
$ [7 k5 D& ]- g04. Running From the Shadow: Psychological Distancing From Others to Deny Characteristics People Fear in Themselves
/ T, A" {- F" x( c& z  x8 q05. Assessing Perceived Social Inequity: A Relative Deprivation Framework
  c* p9 C' B8 X) j06. Self-Esteem and the Quest for Felt Security: How Perceived Regard Regulates Attachment Processes" P. X# v1 h* E! l+ G$ G
07. Talking Facilitates Cognitive-Emotional Processes of Adaptation to an Acute Stressor
5 ^5 @4 Q6 O. X. P08. Stress and Accessibility of Proximity-Related Thoughts: Exploring the Normative and Intraindividual Components of Attachment Theory# 5 m+ K, u$ i9 g5 z9 `, \
09. Genetic and Environmental Influences on s-e-xual Orientation and Its Correlates in an Australian Twin Sample- _1 m& `: P. X' d4 {  V
10. Do Individual Differences in Socios-e-xuality Represent Genetic or Environmentally Contingent Strategies? Evidence From the Australian Twin Registry! \# k% N. t% [. `
11. Self-Other Agreement in Personality and Affectivity: The Role of Acquaintanceship, Trait Visibility, and Assumed Similarity" q  Y# U% u8 [0 d* Z- _
12. Social Motives and Cognitive Power-s-e-x Associations: Predictors of Aggressive s-e-xual Behavior, F  h- S$ i1 r, ]" {) C# r
13. On the Invalidity of Validity Scales: Evidence From Self-Reports and Observer Ratings in Volunteer Samples

01. Beyond Valence in the Perception of Likelihood: The Role of Emotion Specificity
9 W( G- |' y- {David DeSteno and Richard E. Petty, Duane T. Wegener, Derek D. Rucker% M. [) u6 O  V. y  t* F" @2 t
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Positive and negative moods have been shown to increase likelihood estimates of future events matching these states in valence (e.g., E. J. Johnson & A. Tversky, 1983). In the present article, 4 studies provide evidence that this congruency bias (a) is not limited to valence but functions in an emotion-specific manner, (b) derives from the informational value of emotions, and (c) is not the inevitable outcome of likelihood assessment under heightened emotion. Specifically, Study 1 demonstrates that sadness and anger, 2 distinct, negative emotions, differentially bias likelihood estimates of sad and angering events. Studies 2 and 3 replicate this finding in addition to supporting an emotion-as-information (cf. N. Schwarz & G. L. Clore, 1983), as opposed to a memory-based, mediating process for the bias. Finally, Study 4 shows that when the source of the emotion is salient, a reversal of the bias can occur given greater cognitive effort aimed at accuracy.

02. The Impact of Positive Mood and Category Importance on Crossed Categorization Effects% |- Q- i1 |6 ^" u2 H# `
Darren I. Urada and Norman Miller
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! ?. W0 r8 j2 \* ~, F9 C/ ^Four studies examined the effect of positive versus neutral affect on preference among potential discussion partners who were members of two in-groups, two out-groups, or both an in-group and an out-group (crossed targets). The importance of targets' category memberships was manipulated by idiographically based selection. Positive affect elevated evaluation of crossed targets with a dominant (differentially important) in-group (Study 1). When categories were made equally important, positive affect had no impact (Studies 2 and 3). Study 4 presented crossed targets with both equally and differentially important group memberships and showed that differential category importance (dominance) is necessary for positive affect to influence judgments about them. These results are explained by the broadened categorization induced by positive affect.

03. Cultural Variation in the Use of Current Life Satisfaction to Predict the Future8 f9 g+ F9 r6 `4 B2 P$ I
Shigehiro Oishi, Robert S. Wyer, Jr., and Stanley J. Colcombe$ \7 s3 T7 k9 v) t& \
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Three studies examined cultural and situational influences on the tendency for people to use their current life satisfaction to predict future life events. On the basis of the self-enhancement literature, it was predicted that either writing about a positive personal experience or reading about another's negative experience would lead European Americans to focus their attention on internal attributes and thus would lead them to use their current life satisfaction in predicting the future. Conversely, on the basis of the self-criticism literature, it was predicted that these same conditions would lead Asian Americans to focus their attention on external factors and, therefore, would decrease their likelihood of using their current life satisfaction to predict the future. Studies 1 and 2 supported these hypotheses. Study 3 showed that these patterns could be obtained by subliminally priming concepts associated with individualism and collectivism.

04. Running From the Shadow: Psychological Distancing From Others to Deny Characteristics People Fear in Themselves
% S+ w$ |+ E8 e1 N0 n7 DJeff Schimel, Tom Pyszczynski, Jeff Greenberg, Heather O'Mahen, Jamie Arndt
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3 `# ^8 c8 g% {& a/ U6 ]6 zFour experiments tested the hypothesis that people distance themselves from others who display characteristics they fear in themselves. In Study 1, participants were given false feedback that they were high or low in repressed anger and were given information about a person who became angry and responded in a violent or nonviolent manner. High anger feedback participants distanced themselves only from the violent person. In Study 2, high anger feedback led to distancing from a violent other but not a dishonest other, whereas dishonesty feedback led to distancing from a dishonest other but not a violent other. The results of Studies 3 and 4 replicated and extended the distancing effect with an anger induction: Participants who were insulted distanced themselves from an angry/violent person, and verbalizing their emotions about being insulted eliminated this effect. Implications for understanding defenses against undesirable self-attributions are discussed.

05. Assessing Perceived Social Inequity: A Relative Deprivation Framework& t# c, ?! P$ c
Alexandra F. Corning
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The set of studies presented here describes a theoretically based method of assessing perceived social inequity and illustrates the approach through the development of an instrument assessing this experience in women's lives. The Perceived Social Inequity Scale-Women's Form (PSIS-W) is grounded in relative deprivation theory (Davis, 1959), which states that discontent results from recognition of an unfair discrepancy between one's own situation and that of others. The psychometric quality of the 26-item PSIS-W is supported by consistent results across two factor analyses, strong temporal stability over 1- and 4-month intervals, and relationships found between it and a number of predicted variables. Implications for theory and research in the areas of social inequity, social stigma, and stereotype perception are discussed.

06. Self-Esteem and the Quest for Felt Security: How Perceived Regard Regulates Attachment Processes- X; T4 L4 c- p
Sandra L. Murray, John G. Holmes, Dale W. Griffin' e4 }4 ]3 v9 P- s! g

- v1 ~. h2 c" ]" v+ y& c# ^The authors proposed that personal feelings of self-esteem foster the level of confidence in a partner's regard critical for satisfying attachments. Dating and married couples described themselves, their partners, how they thought their partners saw them, and how they wanted their partners to see them on a variety of interpersonal qualities. The results revealed that low self-esteem individuals dramatically underestimated how positively their partners saw them. Such unwarranted and unwanted insecurities were associated with less generous perceptions of partners and lower relationship well-being. The converse was true for high self-esteem individuals. A longitudinal examination of the dating couples revealed that the vulnerabilities of lows were only exacerbated over time. A dependency regulation model is proposed, wherein felt security in a partner's perceived regard is suggested as a prime mechanism linking self-esteem to relational well-being.

07. Talking Facilitates Cognitive-Emotional Processes of Adaptation to an Acute Stressor4 |+ }* r, _9 P2 \
Stephen J. Lepore, Jennifer D. Ragan, Scott Jones5 _& k- O# j; Q) z# y/ i

5 I3 _4 F2 O8 j6 eThe authors examined the influence of talking and the social context of talking on cognitive-emotional processes of adjustment to stressors. Two hundred fifty-six undergraduates viewed a stressful stimulus and were then assigned to a no-talk control condition or 1 of 3 talk conditions: talk alone, talk to a validating confederate, or talk to an invalidating confederate. Two days later, they were reexposed to the stressor. Compared with individuals in the no-talk condition, those in the talk alone and validate conditions had a lower level of intrusive thoughts in the 2-day interim, and they had lower perceived stress when reexposed to the stressor. The effects of talking and validation on perceived stress appeared to be mediated by lowered intrusions. The benefits of talking were diluted when disclosures were invalidated. These findings suggest that talking about acute stressors can facilitate adjustment to stressors through cognitive resolution.

08. Stress and Accessibility of Proximity-Related Thoughts: Exploring the Normative and Intraindividual Components of Attachment Theory
' h( ?& S( j% b, A4 k7 ?Mario Mikulincer, Gurit Birnbaum, David Woddis, and Orit Nachmias
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Three studies examine the effects of stress on the accessibility of proximity-related thoughts. In all the studies, participants reported on their attachment style, and the accessibility of proximity themes and worries in a lexical decision task was assessed upon the priming of a stress or neutral word. In Study 2, the primed stress word was semantically related to attachment themes. In Study 3, lexical decisions were made under low or high cognitive load conditions. Overall, the priming of a stress word led to increased accessibility of proximity themes, regardless of attachment style. Anxious-ambivalent people also showed high accessibility to proximity themes and worries in both neutral and stress contexts. In most conditions, avoidant persons' reactions were similar to those of secure persons. However, they showed no accessibility to proximity worries even after the priming of a semantically related word and reacted with high accessibility to these worries upon the addition of cognitive load.

09. Genetic and Environmental Influences on s-e-xual Orientation and Its Correlates in an Australian Twin Sample
+ ~, r( E  n. u3 qJ. Michael Bailey, Michael P. Dunne, Nicholas G. Martin
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% O/ X9 Q: [# U$ z4 G' ^3 b0 _9 C7 c5 CWe recruited twins systematically from the Australian Twin Registry and assessed their s-e-xual orientation and 2 related traits: childhood gender nonconformity and continuous gender identity. Men and women differed in their distributions of s-e-xual orientation, with women more likely to have slight-tomoderate degrees of homos-e-xual attraction, and men more likely to have high degrees of homos-e-xual attraction. Twin concordances for nonheteros-e-xual orientation were lower than in prior studies. Univariate analyses showed that familial factors were important for all traits, but were less successful in distinguishing genetic from shared environmental influences. Only childhood gender nonconformity was significantly heritable for both men and women. Multivariate analyses suggested that the causal architecture differed between men and women, and, for women, provided significant evidence for the importance of genetic factors to the traits' covariation.