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应某位斑竹要求，发布彭凯平教授的论文集
彭凯平博士中文简历
伯克利加州大学心理学系终身教授, 博导, 社会及人格心理学专业主任

            1983年毕业于北京大学心理系后留校任教，1987年聘为北京大学心理系讲师。   1989年赴美，在密西根大学做访问学者。1997年获密西根大学心理学博士学位。同年受聘于美国加州大学伯克利分校心理学系。现为加州大学伯克利分校心理学系终身教授, 博士生导师，伯克利加州大学社会及人格研究所（IPSR）文化与认知实验室主任, 社会及人格心理学专业主任。兼任北京大学心理学系客座教授，北京大学光华管理学院管理科学国际博士导师。他的研究兴趣包括社会和文化心理学、文化和认知、应用社会心理学。最近的工作涉及到自我概念, 辩证思维, 行为经济、领导决策，组织文化等。

权威学术机构中担任的主要职务：加州大学美国文化研究领导委员会委员，加大学术奖励委员会委员，《亚洲社会心理学》编委，《华人心理学》编委，《社会及人格研究》编委， 加大“社会及人格研究所”“东亚问题研究所”“健康研究所”研究员。曾获得教育部春晖计划，长江学者，美国国家自然科学基金, 美国国家心理健康基金会， 等多项资助与奖励。曾任美国心理学会(APA)科学领导委员会委员， 及第五届世界华人心理学家大会共同主席 (2004)。

专著《心理测验》曾获北京大学青年教师科研二等奖（1988），专著《文化心理学》为美国多所大学指定参考书（2000）。论文《文化与归因》，获美国心理学会年度优秀论文奖（1994）；论文《文化与辩证思维》获美国密执安大学优秀论文奖（1997），论文《文化与种族认同》获美国中西部心理学会研究生论文一等奖（1996）；论文《文化，辩证与矛盾思维》，收入社会心理学经典论文（1999）；论文《文化与人类推理》，收入《文化心理学手册》（2001）；论文《文化与思维系统》，发表于《心理学评论》（2001），论文《辩证思维与主观辛福感》获美国社会心理学会最佳论文奖 （2004）, 论文《文化适应的认知后果》获美国管理学院最佳论文奖 （2006）共计四本著作，56篇论文.

彭凯平教授每年多次回国讲学， 与国内很多大学有合作研究， 还是很多大学的客座教授，包括北京大学， 东南大学，南开大学，陕西师大， 苏州大学等单位。

彭凯平教授还多次担任国内外政府机构和企事业单位的咨询与培训顾问, 包括福特汽车公司,宝马汽车公司, 中化集团, 中航集团, 思科公司, TCL 等。

现指导10位博士生、2位博士后，资助3位访问教授。自97年来，共有6位博士生和3位博士后毕业。现分别任教美国和加拿大的加州大学，哥伦比亚大学, 斯坦福大学, 维多利亚大学等大学及美国宇航局等单位。


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VALUING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS
Justin D. Levinson* & Kaiping Peng

Behavioral economic research has tended to ignore the role of cultural differences in economic decision-making. The authors suggest that a systematic bias affects existing behavioral economic theory-- cognitive biases are often assumed to be universal. To examine how cultural background informs economic decision-making, and to test framing effects, morality effects, and out-group effects in a cross-cultural study, the authors conducted an experiment in the United States and China. The experiment was designed to test cultural and cognitive effects on a fundamental economic phenomenon-- how people estimate the financial values of objects over time.

Results of the experiment demonstrated dramatic cultural differences in financial value estimations, as well as on the influence of variables such as framing effects. Chinese participants made higher object value estimates than Americans did, even when adjusting for differing national inflation rates. In addition, the results showed that contextual information, such as framing, morality information, and group membership affected judgments of financial values in complex ways, particularly for Chinese participants. The results underscore the importance of understanding the influence of cultural background on economic decision-making. The authors discuss the results in the context of behavioral law and economics, and propose that importing cultural competence into behavioral models can lead to cognitive debiasing, both temporary and permanent.

Levinsion, J & Peng, K. (2006). Value cultural difference in behavioral economics.

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Self-Verification and Contextualized Self-Views

Serena Chen
Tammy English
Kaiping Peng
University of California, Berkeley



Whereas most self-verification research has focused on people’s desire to verify their global self-conceptions, the present studies examined self-verification with regard to contextualized selfviews—views of the self in particular situations and relationships.It was hypothesized that individuals whose core self-conceptions include contextualized self-views should seek to verify these self-views. In Study 1, the more individuals defined the self in dialectical terms, the more their judgments were biased in favor of verifying over nonverifying feedback about a negative, situation-specific self-view. In Study 2, consistent with research on gender differences in the importance of relationships to the self-concept, women but not men showed a similar bias toward feedback about a negative, relationship-specific self-view, a pattern not seen for global self-views. Together, the results support the notion that self-verification occurs for core self-conceptions, whatever form(s) they may take. Individual differences in self-verification and the nature of selfhood and authenticity are discussed.

Keywords: self-verification; contextualized self-views; individual differences; authenticity; relational self

Chen, S., English, T. & Peng, K. (2006). Self-verification and contextualized self-views. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 930-942

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White Selves: Conceptualizing and Measuring a Dominant-Group Identity

Eric D. Knowles
Stanford University
Kaiping Peng
University of California, Berkeley

This article addresses the nature and measurement of White racial identity. White identification is conceptualized as an automatic association between the self and the White ingroup; this association is fostered through social exposure to non-Whites and serves to link self- and ingroup evaluations. Four studies validated a measure of White identification against criteria derived from this model. In Study 1, the White Identity Centrality Implicit Association Test (WICIAT) predicted response latencies in a task gauging self–ingroup merging. In Study 2, the WICIAT correlated with census data tapping exposure to non-Whites. In Studies 3 and 4, the WICIAT predicted phenomena associated with the linking of selfand ingroup evaluations: identity-related biases in intergroup categorization (Study 3) and self-evaluative emotional reactions to ingroup transgressions (Study 4). Together, the findings shed light on the antecedents and consequences of White identity, an often-neglected individual difference construct.



Knowles, E. & Peng, K. (2005). White selves: Conceptualizing and measuring a dominant-group identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 223-241

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Chapter 11

Naive Dialecticism and the Tao of Chinese Thought

Kaiping Peng, Julie Spencer-Rodgers,and Zhong Nian
All of Chinese roots are in the Taoist tradition.
Lu Xun, Chinese writer, 1918.
A Chinese thought without Taoism is like a tree without roots
Joseph Needham, 1990

Recent cross-cultural work on Chinese cognition, particularly research comparing Chinese and Western (mostly American) reasoning and social judgment, has revealed substantial and fascinating differences in the ways individuals from these two cultural groups make sense of their everyday environments (see Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, 2001; Peng, Ames, & Knowles, 2001 for reviews). This line of work has shed light on differences in how Chinese and Western individuals evaluate themselves (e.g., Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Spencer-Rodgers, et al, 2004), attribute causes to events (e.g., Lee, Hallahan, & Herzog, 1996; Morris & Peng, 1994), interpret physical phenomena (Peng & Knowles, 2003), and make judgments and decisions (e.g., Ji, Peng & Nisbett, 2000; Peng & Nisbett, 1999; Yates, Lee, & Shinotsuka, 1996; Yates, Lee, & Bush, 1997). These empirical findings support claims frequently made by scholars in a variety of academic fields concerning the different intellectual traditions of the West and East (see reviews by Lloyd, 1990; Nakamaru, 1964; Needham, 1954), which have been characterized as contrasts between abstract and concrete (Nakamura, 1964; Northrop, 1946, 1966), analytic and holistic (Moore, 1967; Nisbett et al., 2001), linear and circular (Hang, 1966), Laplacean and fatalistic (Phillips & Wright, 1977; Wright & Phillips, 1980), person-centered and situation-centered (Hsu, 1981; Yang,1986), dispositional and contextual (Morris & Peng, 1994), argumentconstructing and argument-abhorring (Liu, 1986; Yates & Lee, 1996), synthesis-oriented and dialectical (Peng & Nisbett, 1999; Spencer-Rodgers et al.,2004), and so on.

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Peng, K., Spencer-Rodgers, J. & Zhong, N. (2005). Naïve dialecticism and the Tao of Chinese thought. In Kim, U., Yang, KS., Huang, G (Eds). The Handbook of indigenous and cultural psychology, 247- 262. Blackwell.

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Dialectical Self-Esteem and East-West Differences in Psychological Well-Being

Julie Spencer-Rodgers
Kaiping Peng
University of California, Berkeley
Lei Wang
Yubo Hou
Peking University

A well-documented finding in the literature is that members of many East Asian cultures report lower self-esteem and psychologica well-being than do members of Western cultures. The authors present the results of four studies that examined cultural differences in reasoning about psychological contradiction and the effects of ** dialecticism on self-evaluations and psychological adjustment. Mainland Chinese and Asian Americans exhibited greater “ambivalence” or evaluative contradiction in their self-attitudes than did Western synthesis-oriented cultures on a traditional self-report measure of self-esteem (Study 1) and in their spontaneous self-descriptions (Study 2). ** dialecticism,as assessed with the Dialectical Self Scale, mediated the observed cultural differences in self-esteem and well-being (Study 3). In Study 4, the authors primed ** dialecticism and found that increased dialecticism was related to decreased psychological adjustment. Implications for the conceptualization and measurement of self-esteem and psychological wellbeing across cultures are discussed.


Rodgers, J., Peng, K., Wang, L. & Hou, Y.  (2004). Dialectical self and psychological well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1416-1432. (Otto Klineberg Prize for the “best pa-per of the year” by the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues in 2004).

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ETHNIC COMPOSITION AND ITS DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT ON GROUP PROCESSES IN DIVERSE TEAMS

SUSANNAH B. F. PALETZ
KAIPING PENG
University of California, Berkeley
MIRIAM EREZ
Technion University, Israel
CHRISTINA MASLACH
University of California, Berkeley

This study contrasts the effects of two types of ethnically heterogeneous groups on their enjoyment of and performance on an interactive creative task. The majority of each group was composed of either ethnic minorities or Caucasians. Analyses were conducted using hierarchical linear modeling where appropriate. Teams composed mostly of ethnic minorities rated working with the group to be more enjoyable and reported experiencing more positive and fewer negative emotions. Ethnic composition was not predictive of task creativity. Both individual ethnicity and the interaction between individual ethnicity and ethnic composition had an effect on negative emotions; these effects were independent of the group-level effect. Issues concerning ethnic diversity, group dynamics, and context effects are discussed.

Keywords: ethnic composition; small group dynamics; group enjoyment

Paletz, S., Peng, K., Erez, M. & Maslach, C. (2003). Ethnic composition and its differential impact on group processes in diverse teams. Small Group Research, 35, 128-157

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Culture, Education, and the Attribution of Physical Causality

Kaiping Peng
Eric D. Knowles
University of California, Berkeley

Two studies investigated the impact of culturally instilled folk theories on the perception of physical events. In Study 1, Americans
and Chinese with no formal physics education were found to emphasize different causes in their explanations for eight physical events, with Americans attributing them more to dispositional factors (e.g., weight) and less to contextual factors (e.g., a medium) than did Chinese. In Study 2, Chinese Americans’ identity as Asians or as Americans was primed before having them explain the events used in Study 1. Asian-primed participants endorsed dispositional explanations to a lesser degree and contextual explanations to a greater degree than did American-primed participants, although priming effects were observed only for students with little physics education. Together, these studies suggest that culturally instilled folk theories of physics produce cultural differences in the perception of physical causality.

Peng, K. & Knowles, E. (2003). Culture, ethnicity, and the attribution of physical causality. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 29,  1272-1284

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What’s Wrong With Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Subjective Likert Scales?: The Reference-Group Effect

Steven J. Heine and Darrin R. Lehman
University of British Columbia
Kaiping Peng
University of California, Berkeley
Joe Greenholtz
University of British Columbia

Social comparison theory maintains that people think about themselves compared with similar others.Those in one culture, then, compare themselves with different others and standards than do those in another culture, thus potentially confounding cross-cultural comparisons. A pilot study and Study 1 demonstrated the problematic nature of this reference-group effect: Whereas cultural experts agreed that East Asians are more collectivistic than North Americans, cross-cultural comparisons of trait and attitude measures failed to reveal such a pattern. Study 2 found that manipulating reference groups enhanced the expected cultural differences, and Study 3 revealed that people from different cultural backgrounds within the same country exhibited larger differences than did people from different countries. Crosscultural comparisons using subjective Likert scales are compromised because of different reference groups. Possible solutions are discussed.


Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. (2002). What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales: The reference-group problem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82, 903-918

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Culture Clash? Apologies East and West
PETER HAYS GRIES AND KAIPING PENG*

Following the 1 April 2001 plane collision over the South China Seas, China and the United States engaged in two weeks of intensive ‘apology diplomacy’. What role did culture play in these events? Drawing on experimental findings in social and cross-cultural
psychology, we argue against the pundits that essentialized cultural difference—and against those who denied that culture matters. Instead, we maintain that both cultural differences and cultural commonalties played a significant cant role in Sino–American apology diplomacy.

Gries, P. & Peng, K. (2002). Cultural clash: Apologies East and West. Journal of contemporary China, 11, 173-178