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Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic Versus Analytic Cognition

Richard E. Nisbett
University of Michigan
Kaiping Peng
University of California, Berkeley
Incheol Choi
Seoul National University
Ara Norenzayan
Ecole Polytechnique

The authors find East Asians to be holistic, attending to the entire field and assigning causality to it, making relatively little use of categories and formal logic, and relying on "dialectical" reasoning, whereas Westerners are more analytic, paying attention primarily to the object and the categories to which it belongs and using rules, including formal logic, to understand its behavior. The 2 types of cognitive processes are embedded in different naive metaphysical systems and tacit epistemologies. The authors speculate that the origin of these differences is traceable to markedly different social systems. The theory and the evidence presented call into question long-held assumptions about basic cognitive processes and even about the appropriateness of the process-content distinction.

Nisbett, R., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzanan, A. (2001). Culture and system of thoughts: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-310

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Culture and Human Inference: Perspectives from Three Traditions
Kaiping Peng Daniel R. Ames Eric D. Knowles
University of California, Berkeley


Peng, K., Ames, D., & Knowles, E. (2001). Culture and human inference: Perspectives from three traditions. In D. Masumoto (Ed). Handbook of culture and psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, pp 243-263

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Culture, Control, and Perception of Relationships in the Environment

Li-Jun Ji
University of Michigan
Kaiping Peng
University of California, Berkeley
Richard E. Nisbett
University of Michigan

East Asian cognition has been held to be relatively holistic; that is, attention is paid to the field as a whole.Western cognition, in contrast, has been held to be object focused and control oriented. In this study East Asians (mostly Chinese) and Americans were compared on detection of covariation and field dependence.The results showed the following: (a) Chinese participants reported stronger association between events, were more responsive to differences in covariation, and were more confident about their covariation judgments; (b) these cultural differences disappeared when participants believed they had some control over the covariation judgment task; (c) American participants made fewer mistakes on the Rod-and-Frame Test, indicating that they were less field dependent; (d) American performance and confidence, but not that of Asians, increased when participants were given manual control of the test.Possible origins of the perceptual differences are discussed.

Ji, L., Peng, K. & Nisbett, R. (2000). Culture, control and perception of relations in environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 943-955.

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Culture, Dialectics, and Reasoning About Contradiction

Chinese ways of dealing wish seeming conttnadicaions result in a diaiecticaI or comPrvmiae approach-retaining basic elements of opposing perspectives by seeking a  "middle way. " Dn the other bona European American ways, deriving from a lay version of Aristotelian tagic, result in a differentiation model that polarizes contradictory perspectives in an effort to determine which fact ar position is correct, Five empirical studies showed that dialectical thinking is a form of folk wisdom in Chinese culture:Chinese participants preferred dialectical proverbs containing seeming contradictions more than did American partipants. Chinese participants also preferred dialectical resolutions to social conflicts and preferred dialectical arguments over classicaI Western logical arguments.


Ji, L., Peng, K. & Nisbett, R. (2000). Culture, control and perception of relations in environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 943-955.

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Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events

The authors argue that attribution patterns reflect implicit theories acquired From induction and socialization and hence differentially distributed across human cultures. In particular,the authors tested the hypothesis that dispositionalism in attribution for behavior refDacts a theory of social behavior more widespread in individualist than collectivist cultures. Study I demonstrated that causal perceptions of social events but nor physical events differed between American and Chinese students. Study 2 found English-language; newspapers were more dismitional and Chinese-language newspapers were more situational in explanations of the same crimes, Study 3 found that Chinese survey respondents differed in weightings oFpersonal dispositions and situational factors as causes of recent murders and in counterfact"Ijudgments about how murders might have been averted by changed situations. Implications for issues in cognitive, social, and organizational psychology are discussed.

Morris, M. & Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 949-971

龙哥

3q

calsunny

好想看啊，但是需要不少钱的！

艺玲

要很多钱的么？全部才要五粒米而已。还可以挣的嘛。

gaodou

好想看啊，但是需要不少钱的！

whoami

想看 但是没有钱